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  Renewable Energy for Aviation

Renewable Energy for Aviation 9 − 10 SEPTEMBER 2014 ICAO HQ, Montréal, Canada Christoph Falter, Valentin Batteiger, Andreas Sizmann Future Technologies and Ecology of Aviation Bauhaus Luftfahrt, Munich, Germany Content • The Bauhaus Luftfahrt approach • Solar thermochemical fuels • Solar resource and land use • Solar fuel economics and impact Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 The Bauhaus Luftfahrt approach • A non-profit research institution with long-term time horizon – Strengthening the cooperation between industry, science and politics – Developing new approaches for the future of aviation with a high level of technical creativity – Optimizing through a holistic approach in science, economics, engineering and design Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 Renewable energy in aviation: Long-term view • Basic energy options: – Lowest entry threshold: drop-in fuels – Adaption to novel fuels: non-drop-in fuels – Most radical approach: electric aviation • Long-term strategy: – Sustainable feedstock availability:  Look beyond conventional biofuels – Limited efficiency of well-to-wake energy usage:  Look beyond conventional power systems: eAviation, hybrid systems Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 Sp ec ifi cE ne rg y o fB at te ry in W h/ kg Technology level of 2010, prismatic cell (coffee-bag) Renewable energy in aviation: Long-term focus • Renewable energy focus: – eAviation innovation potential: key technologies, e.g. battery performance – Fuel-battery hybrid approaches: extend eAviation range • Renewable drop-in fuels: – Global bio-energy potential – Novel fuel production paths: e.g. solar fuels Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 Jet fuel alternatives– long-term perspectives Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 Energy carrier Suitability Sustainability Scalability GTL, CTL Drop-in capable blend Fossil carbon release Commercial scale implementation BTL Potentially low carbon emission Feedstock development, logistics and competition for bio-mass HEFA New bio-fuels SOLAR-JET (STL) Large-scale production less restrictive than for biofuels LNG Non-drop-in solution Fossil carbon release Existing infrastructure LH2 Potentially zero carbon emission Distribution and storage Electric power Non-fuel energy carrier, low specific energy Potentially scalable through diversity and large-scale plants Paths to solar Fischer-Tropsch fuels Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 Syngas (H2/CO) Electrochemical Photochemical Electrolysis Photosynthesis Photocatalysis Thermochemical Thermochemical redox cycles H2O CO CO2 H2 Fischer-Tropsch CxHy Paths to solar Fischer-Tropsch fuels Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 Syngas (H2/CO) Electrochemical Photochemical Electrolysis Photosynthesis Photocatalysis Thermochemical Thermochemical redox cycles H2O CO CO2 H2 Fischer-Tropsch CxHy Fuel production cycle - overview • Most process steps already proven on an industrial scale • Lowest technology readiness level for thermo- chemical conversion and CO2 capture Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 CO2/H2O capt. (...) BTL Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) Photosynthesis 5% Gasification 70% Fischer-Tropsch 50% Total ≈1.75% Today BTL, STL: ≤ 0.3% Future potential Sunlight-to-liquid (STL) Concentration 50-85% Thermochemistry 20-30% Fischer-Tropsch 50% Total: ≈4-14% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% Efficiency (Concentrated sunlight to Kerosene) BTL STL 1.75% 0.3% 0.4% 4-14% Energy efficiency (sunlight to kerosene) Today Future potential Land requirement, example Manchester Airport • Fuel demand: – 3 Mio. liters per day • Assumptions for productivity – Short rotation woody crops, BTL • (unconcentrated) solar-to-jet fuel conversion efficiency of 0.55 % – Solar thermochemical conversion, STL • (unconcentrated) solar-to-jet fuel conversion efficiency of 4.33% • Required total ground area: – BTL: 3380 km2 (58 x 58 km2) – STL: 433 km2 (21 x 21 km2) Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 STL - Economics • Economics dominated by large investment cost and cost of capital – Mainly due to collection of solar energy and interest =>Thermochemical efficiency decisive • A path efficiency of ~10% is assumed to be required for economic viability • Own calculations: Production costs of 1.3-2.9 $/l (publicly owned facility) Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 1.85 $/liter Source: Kim et al., Energy and Environmental Science, 2012 Conclusions • Solar thermochemical fuels – Solar fuels could provide suitability, scalability and sustainability • Solar resource and land use – Smaller and complementary land use wrt biofuels • Solar fuel economics – 1.3-2.9 $/l production costs estimated for publicly owned future facility Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology, ICAO HQ, Montreal, Canada, 9 and 10 September 2014 Contact and acknowledgement • Christoph Falter ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V.

Score: 1141096.9 - https://www.icao.int/Meetings/.../6_Falter_BauhausLuftfahrt.pdf

  ACC/1997/2/ADD.1

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS OF OC AT ITS 2ND REG.SESS.

Score: 1140506.5 - daccess-ods.un.org/acce...pen&DS=ACC/1997/2/ADD.1&Lang=E

  Cour Pénale i / ^ .

ICC-01/09-01/11 2/12 11 February 2013 ICC-01/09-01/11-596 11-02-2013 2/16 FB T Trial Chamber V ("Chamber") of the International Criminal Court in the case of The Prosecutor v. (...) ICC-01/09-01/11 5/12 11 February 2013 ICC-01/09-01/11-596 11-02-2013 5/16 FB T c Analysis and Conclusions of the Chamber 11. (...) ICC-01/09-01/11 4/4 11 February 2013 ICC-01/09-01/11-596 11-02-2013 16/16 FB T

Score: 1140002.4 - https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/.../CourtRecords/CR2013_01276.PDF

  Methods and Standards | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Lead authoring unit/office: Statistics Division (ESS) Guidelines for the compilation of food balance sheets Year: 2017 Abstract: These Guidelines for the compilation of Food Balance Sheets have been developed under the Global Strategy to improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics (GSARS), with the intention to provide countries with a user-friendly handbook that can aid in the construction of country-level Food Balance Sheets (FBS) as a tool for policy analysis. Lead authoring unit/office: Statistics Division (ESS) français Handbook on agricultural cost of production statistics.

Score: 1139554.1 - https://www.fao.org/statistics/standards/en/

  Methods and Standards | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Lead authoring unit/office: Statistics Division (ESS) Guidelines for the compilation of food balance sheets Year: 2017 Abstract: These Guidelines for the compilation of Food Balance Sheets have been developed under the Global Strategy to improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics (GSARS), with the intention to provide countries with a user-friendly handbook that can aid in the construction of country-level Food Balance Sheets (FBS) as a tool for policy analysis. Lead authoring unit/office: Statistics Division (ESS) français Handbook on agricultural cost of production statistics.

Score: 1139554.1 - https://www.fao.org/statistics/methods-and-standards/en/

  UIT-T Template pour les Rec. du TSB

CONTENTS Page 1 Basic principle 1 1.1 Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) 1 1.2 Bit-rate Allocation Signal (BAS) 3 1.3 Encryption Control Signal (ECS) 3 1.4 Remaining capacity 3 2 Frame alignment 3 2.1 General 3 2.2 Multiframe structure 3 2.3 Loss and recovery of frame alignment 4 2.4 Loss and recovery of multiframe alignment 6 2.5 Procedure to recover octet timing from frame alignment 6 2.6 Description of the CRC4 procedure 7 2.7 Synchronization of multiple connections 8 3 Bit-rate allocation signal 9 3.1 Encoding of the BAS 9 3.2 Values of the BAS 10 4 Bit-positions for audio, video and data stream 11 4.1 LSD streams 11 4.2 Encoded audio streams 12 4.3 Encoded video streams 16 4.4 ISO-encoded audio streams 18 Annex A – Definitions and tables of BAS values 21 A.1 Audio command values (000) 23 A.2 Transfer-rate command values (001) 24 A.3 Video, encryption, loop and other commands (010) 24 A.4 LSD/MLP commands (011) 25 A.5 Audio capabilities (100) 26 A.6 Video, MBE and encryption capabilities (101) 27 A.7 Transfer-rate capabilities (100) 28 A.8 LSD/MLP capabilities (101) and other (110) 28 A.9 Escape table values (111) 29 A.10 HSD/H-MLP/MLP capabilities 29 A.11 HSD/H-MLP commands 31 A.12 Au-ISO commands 32 A.13 Au-ISO capabilities 34 A.14 Applications within LSD/HSD channels – Capabilities 35 A.15 Applications within LSD/HSD/MLP/H-MLP channels – Commands 36 A.16 Transfer-rate capabilities and commands used in Channel Aggregation 36 Annex B – Frame structure for interworking between a 64 kbit/s terminal and a 56 kbit/s terminal 36 B.1 Sub-channel arrangement 36 B.2 Operation of the 64 kbit/s terminal 36 B.3 Restriction against some communication modes 37 B.4 Audio command codes (000) 37 Recommendation H.221 Recommendation H.221 (07/97) FRAME STRUCTURE FOR A 64 TO 1920 kbit/s CHANNEL IN AUDIOVISUAL TELESERVICES (revised in 1990, at Helsinki, 1993, in 1995, and in 1997) 1 Basic principle This Recommendation provides for dynamically subdividing an overall transmission channel of 64 to 1920 kbit/s into lower rates suitable for audio, video, data and telematics purposes.

Score: 1135999.8 - https://www.itu.int/wftp3/av-a...o-site/9905_San/H221_white.doc

  Statistical capacity development | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

The technical assistance is based on an application tool which incorporates the new revised methodology for the compilation, imputation and validation of the Food Balance Sheets (FBS) recently developed by the FAO Statistics Division. Support can be provided through regional and national-level capacity development activities and includes: Assessment of the FBS national capacity and data availability; Establishment of a Technical Working Group (TWG) composed of key national data providers and users/analysts; Highlighting of the links between some FBS variables and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), i.e. SDG 2.1.1 on Prevalence of Undernourishment; SDG 12.3.1 on Global Food Loss Index; SDG 3.5.2 on  healthy consumption; Technical training on the FAO FBS methodology, overview of the newly developed FBS modules and imputation methodologies; Practical exercises on the computation of the SUA/FBS; Design and compilation of the national SUA/FBS using the new FBS country compilation tool (R based Shiny app); Review and analysis of the finalized national SUA/FBS and of the main results; and Calculation of some key indicators, such as the import dependency ratio and the self-sufficiency ratio, and draft of a final report.

Score: 1131223.5 - https://www.fao.org/statistics...tical-capacity-development/en/

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Score: 1129418.8 - https://unece.org/fileadmin/DA...s/ge.02/document.r/1999_01.pdf

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Language:English

Score: 1127619.9 - https://unece.org/fileadmin/DA...s/ge.02/document.r/1999_11.pdf

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Score: 1126775.3 - https://unece.org/fileadmin/DA.../wp.07/document.r/19990703.pdf