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Recent developments in global navigation satellite systems 44. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 68/75, the Subcommittee considered agenda item 10, “Recent developments in global navigation satellite systems”, and reviewed issues related to the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG), the latest developments in the field of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and new GNSS applications. 45. (...) The Subcommittee noted a series of successful launches as part of China’s Beidou satellite navigation system and that the system had started providing initial positioning, navigation and timing services in the Asia-Pacific region. (...) The Subcommittee noted that India was currently implementing two paths in its satellite navigation programme: the GPS-aided GEO-augmented Navigation System (GAGAN), a satellite-based augmentation system; and the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), an independent regional system.

They include the Global Positioning System (GPS) of the United States, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) of the Russian Federation, Galileo of the European Commission and the Compass/BeiDou Navigation Satellite System of China. In addition, there are the GPS and Geostationary Augmented Navigation System of India and the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System of Japan, which are regional navigation satellite systems providing signal coverage over a number of countries or regions. (...) Participants were informed about space-based radio-navigation systems that provided reliable positioning, navigation and timing services to users worldwide on a continuous basis and that were readily accessible at ground level to anyone operating a receiver.

Satellite communications and applicable international law and other regulations Module 4. Global navigation satellite systems and applicable international law and other regulations List of instruments of international law UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS www.unoosa.org COPyRIghT • dISClAImER • ACknOwlEdgEmEnTS Education Curriculum on Space Law Arabsat Arab Satellite Communications Organization CBERS China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CGSIC Civil Global Positioning System Service Interface Committee CONAE Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales COSMO-SkyMed Constellation of small satellites for the Mediterranean basin observation COSPAR Committee on Space Research COPUOS United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space DBS Direct broadcast satellite DMC Disaster Monitoring Constellation DoT United States Department of Transportation EC European Commission EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service ESA European Space Agency EU European Union EUTELSAT European Telecommunications Satellite Organization FAA—WAAS Federal Aviation Administration—Wide Area Augmentation System GAGAN GPS Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation System GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GEO Group on Earth Observations GIS Geographic Information System GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security GMPCS Global Mobile Personal Communication Services GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems GPS Global Positioning System GSO Geostationary Satellite Orbit IAA International Academy of Astronautics IAF International Astronautical Federation IAU International Astronomical Union ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICG International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems ICJ International Court of Justice IGO Intergovernmental organization ILA International Law Association IMO International Maritime Organization IMSO International Mobile Satellite Organization INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization INSPIRE Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization INTERSPUTNIK International Organization of Space Communications ISRO Indian Space Research Organization ITAR United States International Traffic in Arms Regulations ITSO International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency LEO Low Earth Orbit OOSA United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs RS Remote Sensing SPOT Spot Image UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNISPACE III Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space UN-SPIDER United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response UNTS United Nations Treaty Series WMO World Meteorological Organization Abbreviations and acronyms The following abbreviations and acronyms appear in this publication: page 3 Education curriculum on SpacE law contents previous next Preface Capacity-building, training and education in space law are of paramount importance to national, regional and international efforts to further develop space activities, in particular with regard to promoting broader understanding and acceptance of the international legal framework that governs the conduct of space activities. (...) In turn, the three latter modules are designed to complement existing and planned education programmes of the regional centres, namely remote sensing and GIS, satellite meteorology and global climate; satellite communication and data management; and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Modules Each module begins with an “Introduction” of the topic at hand and its connection to international law and the space law regime. (...) Remote sensing has become a discipline working side-by-side with other disciplines such as photogrammetry, cartography, geodetic reference systems, global navigation satellite systems and geographic information systems (GIS).

Recent developments in global navigation satellite systems 1. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 66/71, the Subcommittee considered agenda item 10, “Recent developments in global navigation satellite systems”. 2. (...) The Subcommittee noted that there had been a series of successful launches of China’s Beidou satellite navigation system and that the system had started providing initial positioning, navigation and timing services to China and surrounding areas. 20. The Subcommittee noted that India was currently implementing the GPS-aided GEO-Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN), a space-based augmentation system for delivering increased position accuracy for civil aviation applications.

One major application of GPS was the integration of GPS data into a GIS to provide information for land, sea and air navigation, cadastral surveying, geodetic network densification, high-precision aircraft positioning, photogrammetry without ground control, monitoring deformation and hydrographic surveys. (...) A first step in the programme was the development of the European geostationary navigation overlay service, a European regional augmentation to GPS and the Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) of the Russian Federation. (...) Currently neither GPS nor GLONASS met civil navigation requirements, and suffered from a lack of civilian control.

Each satellite transmitted a radio-wave signal to GPS receivers. By determining the time that the GPS signal reached a GPS receiver, one calculated the distance to the satellite in order to determine the exact position of the GPS receiver on Earth. (...) The African Dual Frequency Global Positioning System Network (GPS-Africa) instrument array consisted of a number of different networks of GPS receivers: the International GPS Service (IGS), the Analyse multidisciplinaire de la mousson africaine (AMMA), the Scintillation Network Decision Aid (SCINDA) and AGREES. 3. (...) The dual-frequency GPS receiver measured the total electron content of the ionosphere.

The United States of America’s Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federation’s Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Europe’s Galileo satellite navigation system and China’s BeiDou satellite navigation system are designed to comprise a constellation of 24 or more satellites, ensuring that signals from at least four satellites are available at any location. In addition, there are the GPS-aided GEO-Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN) of India and the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) of Japan, which are regional navigation satellite systems. 3. (...) The presentation provided the simulation results of improvements to the dilution of precision values obtained by adding the BeiDou constellation to GPS, Galileo and GLONASS constellations. A conclusion of the presenter was that BeiDou would improve the quality of position, navigation and timing services.

These reference frames are based on establishing a network of permanent GPS stations, tied to the global network of the International GPS Service. (...) Modern positioning technology based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), especially the Global Positioning System (GPS), give three-dimensional coordinates based on the reference ellipsoid. (...) The successful implementation of AFREF depends on the application of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and in particular the Global Positioning System (GPS); 2.

Two such systems that are currently in operation include the Global Positioning System (GPS) of the United States of America and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) of the Russian Federation. Next-generation systems that are being developed include the European Satellite Navigation System (Galileo) and China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. (...) Participants noted that GPS of the United States, flying in an expanded 24+3 slot configuration, continued to provide a reliable and accurate space-based positioning, navigation and timing service to the international community.

GE.18-06108(E)  Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee Working Party on Inland Water Transport Working Party on the Standardization of Technical and Safety Requirements in Inland Navigation Fifty-third session Geneva, 27-29 June 2018 Item 4 (c) of the provisional agenda Standardization of technical and safety requirements in inland navigation: Recommendations on Harmonized Europe-Wide Technical Requirements for Inland Navigation Vessels (Resolution No. 61, revised) Aligning of the Annex to Resolution No. 61, revised, with the European Standard laying down Technical Requirements for Inland Navigation Vessels (ES-TRIN) Edition 2017 Note by the secretariat Mandate 1. (...) Proposal for a new Appendix, “Navigation and information equipment” Document ECE/TRANS/SC.3/WP.3/2017/15 contains a draft new Appendix, “Navigation and information equipment”. (...) External sensors connected to the navigational radar installation must be type- approved in accordance with the following maritime Standards: S e ns or Minimum requirements in accordance with Standard (IMO) ISO / IEC Standard GPS MSC.112( 73)1 IEC 61108-1: 2003 DGPS/DGLONASS MSC.114( 73)2 IEC 61108-4: 2004 Galileo MSC.233( 82)3 IEC 61108-3: 2010 Heading/GPS Compass MSC.116( 73)4 ISO 22090-3: 2014 Part 3: GNSS principles 4.