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Corruption ................................................................................... 45 - 49 16 C. Real estate mobbing .................................................................... 50 - 56 17 D. (...) Datos provisionales, 30 de mayo de 2007, available at http://www.ine.es/daco/daco42/ daco426/h0307c.pdf. 13 According to the data of the Spanish Mortgage Association (Asociación Hipotecaria Española, AHE), information provided by the Spanish authorities. 14 The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has also expressed a similar concern: “Despite some signs of a property market slowdown, residential investment has reached 9.2 per cent of GDP, real estate prices are still rising about 10 per cent per year and household mortgage borrowing is growing excessively” (OECD Policy Brief, Economic Survey of Spain, January 2007). 15 See Basic principles and guidelines on development-based evictions and displacement, annex I, A/HRC/4/18. (...) During this period of recession, investors left the stock market and took refuge in the real estate market which had a direct impact on the price of housing.

Although the Service indicated that only a small portion of its investments has, to its knowledge, gone into residential real estate, the Special Rapporteur is concerned as to whether due consideration is being given to possible adverse effects of investments in real estate on the enjoyment of the right to housing. The push of global investment into residential real estate has contributed significantly to the unaffordability of housing in many countries. Investment in real estate is not negative per se. However, there is a big difference between a public pension fund investing in social or public housing to promote a social goal and a public pension fund investing mainly in residential real estate in prime locations with the intention of maximizing profits, without any consideration for whether such investments may have any adverse effect on the realization of the right to housing.

Despite the initial substantive budgetary investment40 and the fact that all major real estate developers joined the programme, it soon became clear that developers had taken advantage of all the facilities from the State for Rusunami apartments (subsidy and location) to build middle-class condominiums instead of low-cost apartments. (...) Proceedings of 2010 International Conference On Construction Real Estate Management (China Architecture Building Press, Royal on the Park Hotel, Brisbane), pp. 397-402, December 2010. (...) A study by the Center of Metropolitan of Tarumanagara University reports that in Jabodetabek in the last decade, more than 30 large-scale real estate projects, occupying more than 30,000 hectares of land, had accommodated only 7 per cent of the total population growth of the period (approximately 10 million).54 39.

A number of causes of the housing crisis have been identified, including a lack of supply of affordable and accessible housing, a limited supply of public housing, and foreign speculative investment in residential real estate. While these factors have indeed played a role, the crisis has its roots elsewhere. (...) Successive Governments have sought to introduce greater controls aimed at reducing real estate speculation and curbing some effects of financialization. (...) Even during the economic downturn related to the COVID-19 pandemic, housing prices continued to rise. According to the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand, in October 2020 median house prices reached new record highs across New Zealand, increasing by a further 19.8 per cent within one year.21 38.

At the same time, according to preliminary estimates, in 14 cities and regions (Ganja, Mingachevir, Agdam, Agjabadi, Beylagan, Barda, Jabrayil, Fuzuli, Goranboy, Khojaly, Goygol, Tartar, Gabala and Dashkasan) a total of 3893 individual houses, 336 ancillary buildings, 120 multi-apartment residential buildings, , 6 private and 70 public, out of 76 social facilities, 24 production facilities, 218 trade facilities, 51 public catering facilities, 41 administrative buildings, 19 religious facilities, 716 destroyed livestock, 66 damaged cars including 62 others, a total of 5637 real estate objects were damaged for 57,011,613.23 AZN As a result of the events that took place in different regions since September 27, 2020, in connection with the ongoing aggressive wars of Armenia against our country, a total of 416 people were injured including 44 in the Agdam region,1 in Dashkasan, 19 injured in Fuzuli region, 11 in Goranboy region, 5 in Beylagan region, 58 in Tartar region, 18 in Aghjabadi, 2 from Jabrayil region, 1 from Tovuz region, 3 from Mingachevir region, 1 From Khojaly region, 14 in Barda and 2 in Lachin (Overall 179) Since September 27, 2020, a total of 60 criminal cases have been initiated on the fact of criminal acts committed by Armenian terrorist groups, including 4 criminal cases in the Goranboy district prosecutor's office, 12 in the Terter district prosecutor's office, 7 in the Aghdam district prosecutor's office, 4 in the Fuzuli district prosecutor's office, 1 in the Jabrayil district prosecutor's office, 1 criminal case in the Beylagan district prosecutor's office, 1 in the prosecutor's office of the Agjabadi district, 1 in the prosecutor's office of the Barda district, 1 in the prosecutor's office of the Lachin district, and 28 criminal cases in the Investigation Department of the Prosecutor General's Office initiated. (...) Also, as a result of the mentioned fires, a total of 44 residential and non-residential areas were damaged in the Jabrayil region on the mentioned dates. (...) Also, as a result of the mentioned fires, a total of 267 residential and non-residential areas were damaged in the Fuzuli region on the mentioned dates.

The main actors in the housing sector are private real-estate builders, developers and financial institutions who wield a great deal of power. (...) Competition for land is fierce and the playing field is unbalanced: the regulatory framework for land use was designed to facilitate real- estate development, without special incentives for municipalities to favour low-income housing. (...) In several cities, real estate appears to be profiting from a lack of consistent regulations on land use.

Landlessness and displacement in rural areas ...................................................................... 13 E. Land speculation and real estate investment ........................................................................ 14 F. (...) Real estate development, cranes and skyscrapers dotting the horizon, and billboards for new and luxurious accommodation are very much part of urban life in India. 55. (...) To help stimulate the real estate market, protect home buyers and provide greater transparency and stability within the housing market, India passed the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016.

Inequalities in access to water and sanitation ............................. 46 - 48 16 F. Tourist and real estate developments .......................................... 49 - 53 17 IV. (...) A great number of cases heard by the Tribunal concern pollution of rivers and streams caused by real estate developments, industrial or agricultural activities (such as pineapple production). (...) Another example of social conflicts over water between local communities and investors and real estate developers is that concerning the construction of a private aqueduct to supply water to a number of tourism and real estate projects in Playa del Coco and Playa Hermosa, which, according to the residents of Sardinal, would threaten the sustainable management of the aquifer and negatively affect the supply of water to their communities.

Subsequently various states and local jurisdictions instituted rent control measures and many still exist today.32 This rental stock is facing growing pressure from real estate markets, and more recently from the threat of “predatory equity”. 45. Predatory equity appeared during the recent real estate bubble, described as an investor purchasing a rent-stabilized building, with a mortgage which is securitized and sold repeatedly over a short period of time for ever-increasing sums. (...) Given the downturn in the real estate market, there exists a high risk that such mortgages will default, and the Special Rapporteur heard reports of investors simply walking away, leaving the building to the bank, and tenants with uncertain futures.

Israel also restricts the movement of Palestinians, divides some residential areas and isolates them from their agricultural land. (...) This targeting is also evident in the context of the settlers’ expansionist attack in Palestinian residential areas, where these settlers settle in Palestinian homes and property they seized through Israel’s Absentees property law, or claiming to have previously owned that property. (...) Since the early seventies, the Israeli settlement associations have been trying, as part of their ploys to Judaize and settle in Jerusalem, to “reclaim ownership” of real estate that was allegedly inhabited by Jewish families before the Nakba, as they claim.