Adjustments under ERCs are inherently more complicated than adjustments under ceilings. (...) Rather than the adjustment reducing emissions in 2020 (example adjustments A–D), the adjustment increases emissions in 2005. (...) Their potential use of adjustments remains unchanged, and they may apply for a new adjustment under ceilings and/or continue to report previously approved adjustments.
Language:English
Score: 795145.4
-
https://unece.org/sites/defaul..._.AIR_GE.1_2022_21_advance.pdf
Data Source: un
Adjustments under ERCs are inherently more complicated than adjustments under
ceilings. (...) Rather than the
adjustment reducing emissions in 2020 (example
adjustments A–D), the adjustment increases emissions in
2005. (...) Their potential use
of adjustments remains unchanged, and they may apply for a new adjustment under ceilings
and/or continue to report previously approved adjustments.
Language:English
Score: 795145.4
-
https://unece.org/sites/defaul....AIR_GE.1_2022_21-2210479E.pdf
Data Source: un
p
pa
pw a b c
Q
Objective
• Why is this important? Without adjustment there are no gains from tradep
pa
pw a b c
Q
Adjustment of production
Adjustment of consumption
Objective
• Key concerns – How do agents adjust to take full advantage of the
new trading opportunities? – How do agents ease the burden of adjusting to
reforms? – How big are adjustment costs? – What factors drive the adjustment? – What can governments do? – Distributional conflicts when easing adjustment
costs?
Language:English
Score: 793391.5
-
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/gro...s/presentation/wcms_142206.pdf
Data Source: un
The
ERT recommends the EMEP SB to accept the new adjustment applications submitted by
France. An overview of the impact of the adjustment on the NMVOC emission inventory for
the years 2005 and 2020 is given in table 4 below.
7 Technical Guidance for Emissions Inventory Adjustments under Inventory adjustments in the context
of Emission Reduction Commitments, available at: https://www.ceip.at/gothenburg-
protocol/adjustments
ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2022/10
ECE/EB.AIR/WG.1/2022/21
6
Table 4
Impact of adjustments on the NMVOC emission inventory of France for the year 2005
and 2020
Unit 2005 2020
ERC % of 2005
-43%
ERC unadjusted (kt)
905
NT for Compliance unadjusted (kt) 1587 939
Gap to ERC unadjusted (%)
-4%
ERC adjusted (kt)
678
Adjusted NT for Compliance (kt) 1190 550
Gap to ERC adjusted (%)
19%
Impact of adjustment on NT for Compliance (kt) -398 -389
Notes: ERC: emission reduction commitment, NT: National total
C. (...) Table 6
Impact of adjustments on the NMVOC emission inventory of the Netherlands for the
year 2005 and 2020
Unit 2005 2020
ERC % of 2005 -8%
ERC unadjusted (kt) 251
NT for Compliance unadjusted (kt) 273 272
Gap to ERC unadjusted (%) 8%
ERC adjusted (kt) 229
Adjusted NT for Compliance (kt) 249 228
Gap to ERC adjusted (%) 0%
Impact of adjustment on NT for Compliance (kt) -24 -44
Notes: ERC: emission reduction commitment, NT: National total
D. (...) Table 8
Impact of adjustments on the NH3 emission inventory of the United Kingdom for the
year 2005 and 2020
Unit 2005 2020
ERC % of 2005 -8%
ERC unadjusted (kt) 258
NT for Compliance unadjusted (kt) 280 259
Gap to ERC unadjusted (%) -1%
ERC adjusted (kt) 258
Adjusted NT for Compliance (kt) 280 257
Gap to ERC adjusted (%) 0%
Impact of adjustment on NT for Compliance (kt) 0 -3
Notes: ERC: emission reduction commitment, NT: National total
IV.
Language:English
Score: 793024.37
-
https://unece.org/sites/defaul....AIR_GE.1_2022_10-2213009E.pdf
Data Source: un
Trade & Factor Adjustment Costs
What do we care about?
The welfare costs of trade reforms with costly factor adjustment
lost income, wages, profits high in the short run, high for affected individuals (the unemployed) mixed results when compared to overall intertemporal gains (sometimes high, sometimes small; higher in developing countries)
Sources of costly factor adjustment
what are the sources of labor adjustment costs? (...) Trade & Factor Adjustment Costs
What do we care about?
The welfare costs of trade reforms with costly factor adjustment
lost income, wages, profits high in the short run, high for affected individuals (the unemployed) mixed results when compared to overall intertemporal gains (sometimes high, sometimes small; higher in developing countries)
Sources of costly factor adjustment
what are the sources of labor adjustment costs? (...) Adjustment Costs in Labor
Why is adjustment costly in labor markets?
Language:English
Score: 789847.3
-
https://www.cepal.org/sites/de...s/presentacion_guido_porto.pdf
Data Source: un
The CLRTAP therefore needs processes which accommodate “ceiling Adjustments” and “ERC Adjustments”.
TFEIP co-chairs have discussed the existing guidance material in this context, and are of the general opinion that:
• EB Decisions: The text in the EB Decisions is appropriate for both ceiling Adjustments and ERC Adjustments.
• Adjustment Technical Guidance: This includes guidance on mathematical accounting of ceiling Adjustments, but not ERC Adjustments. The mathematical accounting for ERC Adjustments is expected to be more complex than that for ceiling Adjustments. An updated guidance document is therefore needed.
• Adjustment Application/Reporting Templates: The templates for Adjustment applications and reporting previously approved Adjustments only support ceiling Adjustments.
Language:English
Score: 789129.83
-
https://unece.org/sites/defaul...s_Guidance_EB_BNote_issue1.pdf
Data Source: un
Agreed settlement An adjustment made based on an agreement between partners. (...) Early payment allowance adjustment Adjustment results from the application of an early payment allowance. (...) Quantity discount Adjustment due to a quantity discount. Promotion discount Adjustment due to a promotion discount.
Language:English
Score: 785806.25
-
https://unece.org/fileadmin/DA...ReasonDescriptionCode_D09B.xsd
Data Source: un
Seasonal Adjustment, Index of Industrial Production
Seasonal Adjustment of National Index Data at International Level
Shyam Upadhyaya, Shohreh Mirzaei Yeganeh
United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria
unido.org/statistics
Overview
What and why
Basic concepts
Costs and risks
Methods
Software
UNIDO experience
Recommendation
unido.org/statistics
2
Seasonally adjusted and original series - Industrial Production Index
unido.org/statistics
Seasonally adjusted and original series - Industrial Production Index
unido.org/statistics
IIP percentage change
QII 2011 to QI 2011
QII 2012 to QI 2012
Cameroon
Russia
Cameroon
Russia
-17.17%
-15.48%
-6.86%
-1.39%
Original
-0.66%
-8.51%
8.43%
-0.66%
SA
unido.org/statistics
Why seasonally adjust?
(...) This is not the case: if there is some kind of unusual event, we need that information for analysis, and outliers are included in the Seasonally Adjusted series
unido.org/statistics
Seasonal Adjustment
Facilitates the comparison of long-term and short-term movements among series and countries
Fluctuations due to exceptionally strong or weak seasonal influences will continue to be visible in the seasonally adjusted series. In general, other random disruptions and unusual movements that are readily understandable in economic terms (for example the consequences of economic policy, large scale orders or strikes) will also continue to be visible
unido.org/statistics
Seasonal Adjustment
the Seasonally Adjusted results do not show “normal” and repeating events, they provide an estimate for what is new in the series which is the ultimate goal of Seasonal Adjustment
unido.org/statistics
Costs and Risks
Seasonal Adjustment is time consuming, significant computer/human resources must be dedicated to this task
Inappropriate or low-quality Seasonal Adjustment can generate misleading results and increase the probability of false signals (credibility effects)
The presence of residual seasonality, as well as over-smoothing, are concrete risks which could negatively affect the interpretation of Seasonally Adjusted data
unido.org/statistics
Seasonal adjustment methods
Model based method
TRAMO/SEATS
Filter based method
X12-ARIMA
unido.org/statistics
TRAMO/ SEATS
TRAMO (Time Series Regression with ARIMA Noise, Missing Observations and Outliers) and SEATS (Signal Extraction in ARIMA Time Series) developed by Victor Gómez and Agustin Maravall at Bank of Spain.
Language:English
Score: 784762.65
-
https://www.unido.org/sites/de.../files/2014-07/UNIDO-SA_0.pptx
Data Source: un
Chapter 5: Setting and adjusting minimum wage levels: 5.2 How frequently should minimum wages be adjusted?
(...) Most frequently, countries adjust their minimum wages once a year. Some countries, adjust rates every six months, while others have 2-years intervals. (...) What to do if there is high inflation?
Yearly adjustments allow for predictability and smooth adjustments, and can be complemented by more frequent adjustments when inflation exceeds some threshold.
Language:English
Score: 780498.4
-
www.ilo.org/moscow/area...WCMS_439254/lang--en/index.htm
Data Source: un
Frequently Asked Questions - Inequality- adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
What is the purpose of the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)? (...) Category: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
How is the IHDI computed? (...) Category: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
How should the IHDI be interpreted?
Language:English
Score: 779713.77
-
https://www.undp.org/sites/g/f...P-TR-EN-HDR-2019-FAQS-IHDI.pdf
Data Source: un