The Applicant joined the United Nations Economic Commission for
Africa (UNECA) in February 1995 as Chief, Building and Commercial Services
Unit, Administration and Conference Services Division, at the P-4 level. He
subsequently served on a series of contracts with ECA until November 1997,
when he received a fixed-term appointment as Chief, Building Management and
Commercial Services Unit (known as the Facilities Management Section (FMS)).
Language:English
Score: 730531.84
-
www.un.org/en/internalj...s/undt/orders/nbi-2011-159.pdf
Data Source: oaj
Group II
Capital of a Commercial Bank
Article 11 Capital of a Commercial Bank
The registered capital of a Lao owned commercial bank should be no less than three billion kip. (...) Article 15 Rehabilitation Capital of the Commercial Banks
Every year a commercial bank shall contribute zero point five per cent of outstanding total deposits of the past year to the Bank of the Lao PDR in order to create the rehabilitation capital of the commercial banks in case any commercial bank has financial difficulties. (...) Group III
Organization of a Commercial Bank
Article 17 Organization of a Commercial Bank
The organization of a commercial bank is composed of the Board of Directors, the Managing Director, the general meeting of the shareholders and auditor.
Language:English
Score: 700020.2
-
https://www.wto.org/english/th...e/lao_e/WTACCLAO3A1_LEG_40.pdf
Data Source: un
CHAPTER II: THE COMMERCIAL REGISTER
SECTION 1: ITS MAINTENANCE AND OBJECTIVE
ARTICLE 10: A register for enrolling merchants and commercial companies, called "The Commercial Register", is maintained at the Office of the Clerk of the Commercial Court.
(...) SECTION 3: COMPANIES HAVING THEIR HEAD OFFICES IN THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA
ARTICLE 17:
LAW BEARING UPON COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS AND THE COMMERCIAL REGISTER
4
All companies engaging in a commercial activity, whatever be the terms of their formation and their duration, shall be enrolled in the Commercial Register. (...) ARTICLE 57: At the end of this transition period, the Ministry of Commerce and the Commercial Court shall cooperate in regard to the transfer of the Commercial Register to the Clerk of the Commercial Court.
Language:English
Score: 699997.27
-
https://www.wto.org/english/th...e/khm_e/WTACCKHM3A3_LEG_47.pdf
Data Source: un
The definition
provided by the Law of Commercial Court is taken to be sufficient.
The Law of Commercial Court, obligated the merchant to keep certain
commercial books and provided a set of regulations for their organization.
However, due to the development of commercial activity and the resulting
insufficiency of the organization stated in the Law of Commercial Court in
connection with commercial books, a new law for commercial books was issued
by Royal Decree No. (...) Article 12 entrusted the Minister of Commerce with the task of naming of
the employees who would ensure the execution of the provisions of the Law of
Commercial Register and the decisions made for the implementation thereof, in
addition to the task of investigating any violation, similar to other Commercial
Laws like the Law of Commercial Books and the Law of Commercial Agencies.
Language:English
Score: 697741
-
https://www.wto.org/english/th...e/sau_e/WTACCSAU59A2_LEG_3.pdf
Data Source: un
In the classification there are two aspects of commerciality:
The commerciality of the quantities that the project produces. (...) The report distinguishes between commercial products and commercial assets, both of which are bought and sold. (...) Both techniques have proven powerful, and their proposed combination is expected to be useful in commercial applications of UNFC.
Working Group on Commercial Applications of UNFC
Terms of Reference (15 December 2019)
The Commercial Group will address:
How commercial considerations may affect the classification of projects and of each stakeholder’s interest in the projects.
Language:English
Score: 697492.7
-
https://unece.org/unfc-and-commercial-applications-0
Data Source: un
PowerPoint Presentation
1
UNECE
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURAL
QUALITY STANDARDS
Serguei Malanitchev United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
2
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
• Working Party on Agricultural Quality
Standards
• Who develops standards?
(...) • Why are they important for Asian countries?
3
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
4
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
• Working Party + Specialized Sections
– Dry and Dried Produce
– Seed Potatoes
– Meat
– Fresh Fruit and Vegetables
• Equal rights for all UN Member States
• 60 years of work
5
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
• Fruit, vegetables
• Dry produce
• Potatoes
• Meat
• Eggs
• Flowers
6
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
2010: FFV Specialized Section
– Adopted revised Standard Layout
– Aligned/revised 50 standards
– 2 sessions that year
– Published explanatory brochure
Flexible, efficient, effective
7
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
Compliance with TBT agreement
“Where international standards exist countries shall use them as a basis for their technical regulations except when such standards would be an ineffective or inappropriate means for the fulfillment of the objectives”
(TBT, Art. 2.4)
8
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
Purpose of standards
• Facilitate international trade
• Create market transparency
• Promote quality agricultural products
• Keep unsatisfactory produce out of market
• Improve profitability
• Protect consumers
9
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
UNECE standards are recommendations
Obligatory EU Regulations
National legislation
Voluntary Reference in commercial contracts
10
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
Users of standards
• Producers
• Traders
• Consumers
• Inspection services
11
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
12
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
UNECE and E(E)C 1962
• 21 UNECE standards obligatory for intra- community trade
2008
• 36 UNECE standards in EC regulations
2009
• 10 UNECE standards in EC regulations (specific marketing standards)
• General marketing standard (GMS)
13
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
GMS sets minimum quality requirements – Intact
– Sound; products affected by rotting are excluded
– Clean
– Free from pests
– Free from damage caused by pest
– Free of abnormal external moisture
– Free of any foreign smell and/or taste
No provisions on quality classes
14
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1580/2007
Where the holder of fruit and vegetables is able to
show they are in conformity with any applicable
UNECE standard, the product is considered as
conforming to the GMS
15
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
UNECE and OECD Scheme
• Interpreting UNECE standards since 1962
• Drawing up standards until 1996
• Working on inspection methods, sampling,
objective tests
16
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
OECD Interpretative Brochures
“In all classes, subject to the special provisions for each class and the
tolerances allowed, the tomatoes must be:
- intact:”
Tomatoes must not have any mutilation or injury spoiling the integrity of the
produce.
Damaged tomato - Not allowed
17
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
• Help grading
• Reduce risk of rejection
• Resolve disputes
• Countries invited to
contribute
18
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
19
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
20
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
Standard for Seed Potatoes
• Unique reference covering all aspects of seed
potato certification
• List of Diseases and Pests
21
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
Disease Agent Status in
UNECE
Standard
Recommended
diagnostic
method
General disease
description
Tuber
symptoms
Plant
symptoms
Potato
wart
disease
Synchytrium endobioticum
Zero
tolerance
Visual
observation of
tubers and
stem base
Tuber: tumours
Plant: tumours and
galls on stolons
and stem base
List of Diseases and Pests
• 35 Diseases
• 85 Pictures
http://www.unece.org/trade/agr/standard/potatoes/pot_e.html
22
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
UNECE and Codex Alimentarius
• UNECE standards
starting point for Codex standards
• Regional UNECE vs. global Codex
• Codex does not produce explanatory material
23
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
UNECE, OECD, Codex, EU
How to work together on
- Standards - Explanatory material
- Inspection methods
- Promotion
- Capacity-building
24
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
Draw on regional experience in Asia to
develop the standards and brochures for
- Pineapples
- Fresh chilli peppers
25
UNECE Commercial Agricultural Quality Standards
http://www.unece.org/trade/agr/welcome.html
Language:English
Score: 696076.17
-
https://unece.org/DAM/trade/ag...11_Thailand/UNECEStandards.pdf
Data Source: un
The commercial establishments and commercial groups referred to in the preceding number are subject to the norms defined in base law of the environment, when applicable.
(...) CHAPTER IV Start-up of Operations of the Commercial Establishment or Commercial
Grouping
Article 21 Inspections
1. (...) The beginning of operation of the commercial establishment or of the commercial group depends on the notification referred to in the preceding number.
Language:English
Score: 695332.6
-
https://www.wto.org/english/th...e/cpv_e/WTACCCPV19A1_LEG_1.pdf
Data Source: un
Article (3):
(1) Obtaining, using or disclosing any commercial secret in a way that is inconsistent with honest commercial practices and without the consent of the rightful owner shall be deemed an abuse of the commercial secret. (...) (c) A person obtaining the commercial secrets from a third party if such a person knows or is capable of knowing that the third party has obtained the same as a result of a violation of honest commercial practices.
(3) Reaching a commercial secret, independently or through reverse engineering, shall not be deemed, in particular, a violation of honest commercial practices.
Article (4):
The competent authorities shall protect the commercial secrets submitted to them against disclosure and protect them against unfair commercial use.
Language:English
Score: 692698.34
-
https://www.wto.org/english/th...e/sau_e/WTACCSAU59A6_LEG_7.pdf
Data Source: un
The next day, 26 January 2016, UNON’s Chief of Commercial Operations
referred the matter by email to the Chief Investigations Section of the UN/OIOS office
at UNON requesting that he initiate an investigation of the incident. (...) Instead they relied entirely on the unsubstantiated
allegations made by the IDF Manager in his complaint to the Chief Commercial
Operations Unit. The said manager was not interviewed by the investigators.
21. (...) There are
areas of law such as Tort and Commercial practice where persons may be liable,
because by virtue of their position, they ought to have known or are deemed to know
certain facts.
Language:English
Score: 690043
-
www.un.org/en/internalj...dt/judgments/undt-2019-017.pdf
Data Source: oaj
No. 27, I Series, of 2 August 1999
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
________
Decree-Law No. 48/99
of 2 August
Free Commercial Zones
Law No. 83/V/98 of 21 December, creates the Free Commercial Zones in Cape Verde.
(...) A Customs Post will operate inside the Commercial Franc Zone No interior da Zona
Franca Comercial. (...) The goods deposited in the Commercial Free Zone can be subjected to the usual
handling, destined to ensure their conservation, improve their appearance or commercial quality or prepare their distribution and resale.
2.
Language:English
Score: 689167.9
-
https://www.wto.org/english/th...e/cpv_e/WTACCCPV15A1_LEG_5.pdf
Data Source: un
