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The Special Rapporteur was informed about the complex relationships between the iTaukei and Indo-Fijian communities, which have their roots in the colonial era when the colonial Government discouraged interaction between labourers of Indian descent and indigenous Fijians and encouraged the separate economic development of the various ethnic groups.14 Racial and ethnic groups had separate schools, places of worship, social clubs and sports activities.15 The subsequent changes in Government and transfers of power, many of which took place through military coups, reversed the balance of power in favour of one of the two ethnic groups, lasting until the next change of Government, whether peaceful or not. 40.

Wordsworth. The Major Complexities Encountered in International Law–Making, en Making Better International Law: The International Law Commission At 50, Naciones Unidas, Nueva York 1998.

El estudio, titulado “We are the land, and the land is us: the complexities of land tenure and struggles for pastoralist livelihoods en Kenya”, presenta información sobre la realidad de esas comunidades, colmando vacíos en el conocimiento de varios aspectos de su lucha por la supervivencia.

GE.10-62013 (S) 160810 190810 Órgano Subsidiario de Asesoramiento Científico y Tecnológico Informe del Órgano Subsidiario de Asesoramiento Científico y Tecnológico sobre su 32º

Véanse http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/about-us/pt/ (consultado el 23 de abril de 2018) e Institute of Medicine, 2009, The complexities of food safety and some strategic approaches being taken, en Institute of Medicine, 2009, Managing Food Safety Practices from Farm to Table: Workshop Summary (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.).

The Special Rapporteur’s mission was underpinned by knowledge of the ongoing struggle in India for women’s rights and its present complexities. The establishment of self- governance during the colonial period was influenced by the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, whose discourse included the need to address recurrent issues affecting women in India, such as caste-based discrimination, harmful customary and religious practices and sexual violence. (...) While due recognition of the complexities inherent to the country’s size and diversity need to be taken into account, it is imperative that those are not used to explain, defend or justify violence against women or the failure to address it.

The Commission’s website justifies this amnesty provision on the basis of the difficulties facing the judicial system to prosecute all perpetrators, “given the long duration and complex realities of the previous regime”.13 The Amnesty Recommendation Committee is responsible for the investigations and victim consultations that may lead to a recommendation of amnesty. (...) While prosecutorial prioritization strategies could – and should – be devised to respond to the complexities facing the country’s criminal justice system by offering a strategic order in which cases and situations should be investigated and prosecuted, the granting of amnesties should not constitute a part of such strategies. 55. When the complexities of past violations are considered, the prospects for prosecution in the Gambia may be different from those in other countries in the region, which transitioned from different forms of violence, such as armed conflict.

Furthermore at the technical level, the specificities and complexities faced in the different regions should be taken into account in implementing the A/HRC/17/35/Add.5 GE.11-12251 9 international standards. (...) A/HRC/17/35/Add.5 12 GE.11-12251 Appendix Agenda of the consultation on the role of regional and subregional mechanisms in international efforts to counter trafficking in persons, especially in women and children 4–5 October 2010 Ngor and Diarama Complex, Dakar, Senegal Monday, 4 October 2010 9.00 – 9.30 Opening ceremony Chair: Human Rights Minister of Senegal, Coumba Gaye Address: Mahamane Cissé-Gorou, Regional Representative for West Africa, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Dakar Opening remarks and meeting objectives: Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, Special Rapporteur on the human rights aspects of the victims of trafficking in persons, especially women and children Goodwill message: Adrienne Diop, Human Rights Commissioner, ECOWAS Keynote address: Human Rights Minister of Senegal, Coumba Gaye 9.30 – 10.00 Tea break 10.00–13.00 Session 1: Normative and institutional frameworks Facilitator: Chantel Kapp-Marais, African Union Commission 10.00-10.30 A human rights-based approach to trafficking in persons and its translation into norms and practice (Joy Ngozi Ezeilo and Nicolas Le Coz, GRETA) 10.30-10.40 Regional experiences with the establishment and assessment of work plans (Bernard Ngamo Kameni, ECCAS, Souad Sayhi, League of Arab States, and Matt Friedman, United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking – UNIAP) 10.40-11.00 The establishment and features of monitoring bodies (Nicolas Le Coz, GRETA) 11.00-11.15 Case study: West Africa (Saddikh Niass, OHCHR) A/HRC/17/35/Add.5 GE.11-12251 13 11.15-11.45 Training and other forms of cooperation and mutual assistance (Tour de table) 11.45-12.45 General discussion on lessons learned and challenges 12.45-13.00 Wrap-up 13.00 – 14.30 Lunch break 14.30 – 18.00 Session 2: Prevention Facilitator: Fernando Garcia-Robles, Organization of American States (OAS) 14.30-15.00 Integrating information on root causes into prevention programmes (Fernando Garcia-Robles, OAS, and Matt Friedman, UNIAP) 15.00-15.20 Regional approaches to safe migration as a prevention measure (Chantel Kapp-Marais, African Union Commission) 15.20-16.00 Ensuring impact and a human rights-based approach in Awareness Raising (Tour de table) 16.00 – 16.15 Tea break 16.15-17.45 General discussion on lessons learned and challenges 17.45-18.00 Wrap-up Tuesday, 5 October 2010 8.30 – 12.30 Session 3: Protection of victims of trafficking Facilitator:Ruth Pojman, Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe (OSCE) 8.30-9.00 Regional approaches to protection, recovery, redress and reintegration (Matt Friedman, UNIAP; Claudia Lam, Council of Europe, and Olatunde Olayemi, ECOWAS) 9.00-9.30 Protection of specific groups: gender-sensitive perspectives and child-centered approaches (Fernando Garcia-Robles, OAS; Chantel Kapp-Marais, African Union Commission; Matt Friedman, UNIAP) 9.30-10.00 Practical cooperation, partnerships and tools for protection (Gert Bogers, European Commission; Matt Friedman, UNIAP) 10.00 – 10.15 Tea break 10.15-12.15 General discussion on lessons learned and challenges 12.15-12.30 Wrap-up 12.30 – 14.00 Lunch break A/HRC/17/35/Add.5 14 GE.11-12251 14.00 – 17.00 Session 4: Strengthening regional mechanisms: towards a system for enhanced cooperation and partnerships Facilitator: Matt Friedman, UNIAP 14.00-14.30 Cooperation between regional mechanisms (Bernard Ngamo Kameni, ECCAS, and Olatunde Olayemi, ECOWAS, and Ruth Pojman, OSCE) 14.30-15.00 Cooperation with Civil Society and Private Sector (Fernando Garcia-Robles, OAS, and Claudia Lam, Council of Europe) 15.00-15.20 Innovative forms of cooperation (Bernard Ngamo Kameni, ECCAS, and Gert Bogers, European Commission) 15.20-16.20 General discussion on lessons learned and challenges 16.20-16.30 Wrap-up 16.30 – 16.45 Tea break 16.45-18.00 Session 5: Conclusions and next steps Facilitator Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, Special Rapporteur 16.45-17.15 Overview of main conclusions from the consultation (Facilitators) 17.15-17.50 Proposals and other recommendations (Tour de table) Closing remarks: Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, Special Rapporteur

Naciones Unidas E/CN.15/2007/4 Consejo Económico y Social Distr. general 9 de febrero de 2007 Español Original: inglés V.07-80698 (S) 300307 020407 *0780698* Comisión

Loft, 2011, “Moving beyond nuts and bolts: The complexities of governing a global profession through international standards”, en: S.