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The issues related to the information on environmental impact are covered in the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and in Environmental Claims: Findings and Conclusions of the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy (www.oecd.org/sti/consumerpolicy/48127506.pdf). 60 Consumers International suggests inclusion of the structural dimension of competition policy and the need to address upstream issues. TD/B/C.I/CLP/23 26 GE.13-50577 61 Consumers International suggests reference to the anti-competitive effects of certain international agreements including those reached by governments, e.g. the World Trade Organization agriculture and intellectual property agreements. 62 Poland (the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection runs an educational campaign entitled “Entrepreneur, don’t collude！” (...) This commission is the executive body of Swiss foundation for fair business practices (http://www.lauterkeit.ch/komm1F.htm) whose members are the most important private organizations and associations of the marketing branch in Switzerland. 91 Consumers International suggests a generic reference to technological neutrality to the effect that all transactions have the same basic protections for consumers. 92 For example, Botswana (Weights and Measures Act), Colombia (Ley 1480 de 2011, artículo 68), China (Metrology Law 1985, State Council Order on Applying Uniform Metrology Unit 1984), the Dominican Republic (Ley 3925 de 17 septiembre de 1954 sobre pesas y medidas, Reglamento para la ejecución de la Ley 3925 sobre pesas y medidas y La Ley General de Protección de los Derechos del Consumidor o Usuario, No.358-05, artículo 51), El Salvador (Ley de Protección al Consumidor, artículo 58(j), the European Union (Communication on the application of Directive 2005/29/EC), Indonesia (Law No. 2/1981 concerning Legal Metrology, Law No. 8/1999 concerning Consumer Protection, article 8), Malaysia (Weight and Measures Act 1972, Weights and Measures Regulation 1981, Specification for Weights or Measures or Instrument for Weighing or Measuring Order 1981), Mexico (Ley Federal de Protección al Consumidor), Peru (Ley Nº 23560, en el que se establece el Sistema Legal de Unidades de Medida del Perú), the United Republic of Tanzania (Weights and Measures Act), the United Kingdom (Weights and Measures Act

Environmental and health risks and benefits of alternatives: LEDs remove unnecessary risk of exposure to toxic mercury for consumers and workers when lamps break in homes, offices, schools, and businesses. (...) The small size and weight of bulbs makes them easy for consumers to mistakenly dispose of in general waste, and consumers may not be aware that they require special disposal. (...) To support these bans, many countries carried out trade-in programmes with consumers to actively encourage the transition from incandescent lamps to more efficient technologies.

A/HRC/23/48/Add.4 8 GE.13-11639 with the International Labour Rights Fund to provide consumers with information about the links between forced labour, human trafficking and consumer products to enable them to make better, more-informed choices about their purchases.10 One of the key initiatives of Not For Sale is the Free2Work website and smartphone application, which allows consumers who visit the website or scan a product barcode with the application to have access to detailed information about initiatives by companies to address modern- day slavery. (...) Discussions held during session 6 focused on new strategies for supply chain engagement and the role of consumers in that this field. The aim of the session was to introduce new normative and technical tools for businesses and consumer-based and IT approaches for fighting human trafficking. 19. (...) These included the Buy Responsibly Campaign launched by the International Organization for Migration (IOM),11 which seeks to raise the awareness of consumers about the products they buy and to have a positive influence on consumer behaviour.

经过拉丁美洲和加勒比新汽 车评估方案和消费者组织的有力活动，日产同意在 2017年 5月前停止生产 Tsuru。See Consumers International, 2018, Protecting consumers in a globalized world: Time for a global approach to product safety? (...) 50 See https://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumers_safety/safety_products/rapex/alerts/? (...) 53 See https://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumers_safety/safety_products/rapex/alerts/?

Issues in focus .................................................................................................................................. 8 A. Protecting consumers from hazardous substances in products ................................................ 8 B. (...) The Act does not adequately address the very problem that inspired the legislation: the risk that consumers will be exposed to substances without adequate information regarding their health hazards (see section on protecting consumers below). (...) Consumers in the Republic of Korea, not unlike other consumers around the world, are exposed to hundreds of substances with known and unknown hazardous properties through consumer goods. 29.

Another initiative would be to support urban markets where farmers can bring their products directly to the consumers without passing through big supermarkets. This option reduces costs for farmers, ensures better quality for consumers and represents a more sustainable food purchase. (...) Respect for the right to food requires a stronger intervention to halt the import, production and use of illegal pesticides that have negative effects on workers and consumers’ health, along with a reliable system of sanitary support for anyone directly exposed to toxic products (for further information, see A/HRC/34/48).

Fourth, consumers have the right to contact businesses to inquire whether a chemical linked to cancer, hormone disruption or other health and environmental hazards are found in certain products if they are on the “candidate list”. (...) When a substance is placed on the “candidate list”, a notification of obligations is sent to the whole supply chain, which can benefit consumers’ right to information. 16. Germany plays a prominent role in the implementation of REACH and other European Union chemicals legislation and in discussions on future policy directions. (...) Since the level of hazardous substance exposure for workers is at much higher levels than the permissible exposure levels for consumers, information about adverse effects of chronic exposure is critical. 68.

指令要求条款以平实可懂的语言拟订，并规定，对模棱两可之 处应作有利于消费者的解读 (见 http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumer_rights/ rights-contracts/unfair-contract/index_en.htm#related_documents)。 (...) 替 代争议解决程序有不同的形式和名称，如调解、仲裁、和解、监察员和投诉委员会 (见 http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/solving_consumer_disputes/non-judicial_redress/adr- odr/index_en.htm)。 (...) 并见欧洲联盟，2015年，Consumer conditions scoreboard, available at http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumer_evidence/consumer_scoreboards/ index_en.htm (2017年 4月 18日访问)。

The contract is consequently of great importance to European buyers and consumers. Naftogaz expects that transit to Europe will continue as before. (...) The plan involves industrial consumers, the public sector and heat producers and is aimed at reducing the daily gas demand.

It may be recalled in this regard that excessive buyer power can result not only from excessive concentration at certain segments of the food chain and in certain markets, but also from the concrete obstacles that small farmers may face in reaching markets, when they are in remote areas with poor communication routes to the urban centres and face buyers that are in a quasi- monopsonistic position—in effect, the gatekeepers through which farmers must pass in order to reach consumers. The Competition Commission could also play a role in ensuring that high degrees of concentration, or the acquisition of dominant positions, be paired with an obligation to source from local and small-scale producers, as was discussed during the 2011 takeover of Massmart by Wal-Mart. 41 Statistics South Africa, Social Profile (footnote 1 above), p. 62. 42 M. (...) These various tools could be seen as part of a broader process of rebuilding the local food markets, which are generally more accessible to small-scale farmers than the larger export markets and improve access to fresh and nutritious food for urban consumers. V. Food accessibility: protecting access to food for the poorest A.