A related question arises concerning countries have a broader concept of consumer firms’ responsibility to contribute to the wider infor- reporting agencies. In the US, for example, the Fair mation ecosystem that is traditionally regulated by Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) applies to companies disclosure and reporting obligations. that regularly disseminate information bearing on an Disclosure obligations arise in numerous contexts, individual’s “credit worthiness, credit standing, credit whether due to securities laws requirements appli- capacity, character, general reputation, personal char- cable to public companies, health and safety disclo- acteristics, or mode of living.” (...) It also creates liability for fail- required to report credit data about consumers to ure to comply with these requirements. consumer reporting organizations which organize 111 In a 2016 report, the US consumer agency, the Fair and make it available to the market as a whole. Trade Commission (FTC), considered how big data In many countries, only banks (i.e., entities that is used in credit reporting decisions. The FTC clar- are regulated, typically with banking licences, for 112 ified that data brokers that compile “non-traditional deposit taking, lending and other related activities) information, including social media information” may are required to report to credit reference bureaus be considered to be credit reporting agencies sub- for inclusion in the credit reference bureau’s records ject to these obligations. and analytics.
Language:English
Score: 857905.7
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https://www.itu.int/en/publica...t/files/basic-html/page26.html
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A new partnership [15] between Kiva, Sierra Leone • Credit Reporting and the United Nations (UNDP & UNCDF) is set to Financial Service Providers report credit data bring a nationwide digital identification system to with the Credit Reporting Bureau (CRB), the the people of Sierra Leone to provide citizens with only national-scale credit bureau in Sierra Leone formal identity and control over their own credit which is housed at the Bank of Sierra Leone. Such information. reporting is facilitated by simple API integrations President Julis Maada Bio of Sierra Leone with existing financial service provider platforms. announced the initiative during his address to the • Credit Lookup United Nations General Assembly on September 27, CRB generates credit reports and scores based on 2018. the subject’s credit history, with consent from the The centerpiece of the partnership is Kiva Pro- subject. tocol [16], a technology platform which enables • Data-Driven Risk Assessment a country to create and establish a national digital Comprehensive credit registry enables effective identification system using distributed ledger tech- risk assessment and competitive rate setting by nology (DLT). (...) Detailed solution docu- cial institutions to perform near-real-time eKYC veri- mentation will be published in 2020 as the system fication and credit reporting. goes live and integrations are made available to oth- er financial ecosystem participants in Sierra Leone.
Language:English
Score: 853163
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https://www.itu.int/en/publica...h/files/basic-html/page43.html
Data Source: un
Aid-for-Trade commitments (Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade disbursements (Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade by region (Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade Regional and Global Programmes
(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade Top 10 recipients
(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
4,0
3,3
2,6
2,3
2,3
2,1
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,3
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0
India
Turkey
Vietnam
Kenya
Morocco
Egypt
Ethiopia
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Brazil
Commitments, USD billion (2012 constant)
2012 (50% of total allocated AFT)
Aid-for-Trade Top 10 donors
(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade Other Official Flows
(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
Trade Policy & Regulations Economic Infrastructure Building Productive Capacity
USD billion (2012 constant)
2002-05 avg. 2006-08 avg. 2009 2010 2011 2012
Trade Facilitation Assistance Commitments
(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Trade Facilitation Assistance Disbursements
(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Trade Facilitation Assistance Commitments by Region
(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Trade Facilitation related Other Official Flows
(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Trade Facilitation Assistance 10 largest TF projects in 2012 (Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Mainstreaming • Better mainstreaming of trade-related priorities into
national development planning has resulted in clearer priorities and increasing demand for Aid for Trade, maximized impact, deepened regional cooperation and expansion of regional integration.
• Mainstreaming: ongoing challenge requiring political will of all stakeholders.
• Effective development planning needed to mainstream regional projects in national development programmes.
• But……variety of obstacles….lack of resources (often difficult for national governments to devote resources to regional projects); ownership; inclusion of private sector.
(...) Value Chains 4GR publications and reports
• Aid for Trade at a Glance 2013: Connecting to Value Chains (OECD- WTO);
• Fourth Global Review of Aid for Trade 2013: Summary Report • Aid for Trade and Value Chains: Agrifood, ICT, Textiles, Tourism,
Transport and Logistics; • Aid for Trade: Connecting firms in developing countries to value chains
(OECD-WTO); • Building trade capacities for Africa’s transformation – A Critical Review
of Aid for Trade (UNECA); • India-Africa: South-South Trade and Investment for Development (CII –
WTO); • Aid for Trade in Asia and the Pacific: Driving private sector participation
in GVCs (Asia/Pacific Regional Technical Group); • Connecting to GVCs and Aid for Trade (IsDB); • Connecting LDCs to Value Chains (OECD-WTO).
(...) They reiterated the WTO Director-General's mandate to pursue actions in support of Aid for Trade and agreed to develop a new Aid–for-Trade Work Programme.
- WT/MIN(13)/34 -
Aid-for-Trade Work Programme – 2014-2015
• Bali package; Ministerial Decision on Aid for Trade; 4GR • Possible focus areas for inclusion in WP include, inter alia,:
• GVCs; • infrastructure development; • increased engagement of South-South partners; • private sector engagement; • sustainable development; • regional dimension; • trade facilitation; • monitoring AfT flows; and • measuring results
• Draft Working title: "Reducing trade costs for inclusive sustainable growth"
For further information on Aid for Trade:
www.aid4trade.org
THANK YOU
http://www.aid4trade.org/
Interregional Forum of the Development Account Project “Facilitating the Effective Integration of Developing Countries in the Global Economy through Aid for Trade Schemes”Tunis, Tunisia – 22-24 April 2014
Outline
Aid-for-Trade commitments(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade disbursements(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade by region(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade Regional and Global Programmes(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade Top 10 recipients(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade Top 10 donors(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Aid-for-Trade Other Official Flows(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Trade Facilitation AssistanceCommitments (Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Trade Facilitation AssistanceDisbursements(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Trade Facilitation AssistanceCommitments by Region(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Trade Facilitation related Other Official Flows(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Trade Facilitation Assistance10 largest TF projects in 2012(Source: OECD-DAC, Credit Reporting System (CRS))
Mainstreaming
Aid-for-Trade case stories2012/13 M&E exercise
Aid-for-Trade case storiesExamples
Aid-for-Trade case storiesExamples
Aid-for-Trade case storiesExamples
Partner/Donor Priorities
Value Chains
Value Chains4GR publications and reports
Value ChainsMain barriers for developing country firms to participate in value chains (1)
Value ChainsMain barriers for developing country firms to participate in value chains (2)
Effectiveness of Aid for Trade
Next Steps
Aid-for-Trade Work Programme – 2014-2015
Slide Number 28
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Score: 844936.5
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https://www.cepal.org/sites/de...cion_hans_peter_werner_omc.pdf
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Ct. 1540 (2016). 114 Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, 84 Stat. 1127, as amended, 15 U. (...) C. §1681 et seq. The US Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) seeks to ensure “fair and accurate credit reporting.” §1681(a)(1). It regulates the creation and the use of “consumer report[s]” by “consumer reporting agenc[ies]” for credit transactions, insurance, licensing, consumer- initiated business transactions, and employment. §§1681a(d)(1)(A)–(C); §1681b.
Language:English
Score: 832791.7
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https://www.itu.int/en/publica...t/files/basic-html/page54.html
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Sample of credit unions: liquidity and members per credit union 37
iii
Acknowledgement
It would not have been possible to write the present report if I had not received the full support of many people.
(...) Only 28 credit unions were considered up to date with their monthly reports (i.e. they had handed in reports after 31 December 1992). (...) Some of this information was collected from the year reports which the management presents at the annual general meeting and the reports of the credit committees.
Language:English
Score: 828024.6
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www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/grou...ts/publication/wcms_118270.pdf
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Sample of credit unions: liquidity and members per credit union 37
iii
Acknowledgement
It would not have been possible to write the present report if I had not received the full support of many people.
(...) Only 28 credit unions were considered up to date with their monthly reports (i.e. they had handed in reports after 31 December 1992). (...) Some of this information was collected from the year reports which the management presents at the annual general meeting and the reports of the credit committees.
Language:English
Score: 828024.6
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https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/gro...ts/publication/wcms_118270.pdf
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Indeterminate information such as credit applications (but not approvals or rejections) may also be included. Positive data Reporting of payment and credit information such as the timeliness of pay- ments, credit utilization rates, credit limit, debt ratios, and account balance. For small businesses, it also includes trade credit data and leasing arrangements. Shylocking To lend money at extortionate rates of interest.
Language:English
Score: 827465.4
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https://www.itu.int/en/publica.../files/basic-html/page220.html
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You should also monitor your credit report periodically. You can get free credit reports online at www.annualcreditreport.com.
(...) This is because other governmental agencies (such as the IRS and state motor vehicle agencies) and private businesses (such as banks and credit reporting companies) will have records under your old number. Along with other personal information, credit reporting companies use the number to identify your credit record.
Language:English
Score: 827368.75
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https://www.un.org/other/afics...l_security_number_pamphlet.pdf
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Page 209 - ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services – Technology, innovation and competition
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Page 209 - ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services – Technology, innovation and competition
P. 209
ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services Technology, Innovation and Competition and used as a basis for developing an alternate credit score, or affecting current credit bureau scoring data. (...) Entities with SMP may be able to utilize their internal data to the potential detriment of smaller players. 10.3 Country example Kenya The Competition Authority of Kenya in 2016 began a study to ‘authenticate reports’ on whether provider’s ‘mobile credit data’ and other entities deliberately released information on bad borrowers while concealing information on good borrowers. In particular, the study will assesses: 194 ‘The level of equal compliance with Credit Bureau reporting by digital credit providers and if they report both positive and negative borrower data as required by law and if there exists disparate treatments that gives them anti-competitive advantage and inhibits consumers’ ability to take advantage of their own data for financial access.’ 195 The enquiry was apparently prompted by ‘good’ borrower’s accessing loan while ‘bad’ borrowers were denied access to loans in other financial institutions since they lack access to any past credit information.
Language:English
Score: 827257
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Accordingly, for the Appellate Body, the term "foreign-source income", as used in
footnote 59 cannot be interpreted solely by reference to the rules of the Member taking the
measure to avoid double taxation of foreign-source income:
4 Panel Report, Brazil – Aircraft, para. 7.25. 5 Panel Report, Brazil – Aircraft, para. 7.25. 6 Appellate Body Report, US – FSC (Article 21.5 – EC), para. 137. 7 Appellate Body Report, US – FSC, para. 98.
(...) Such
an analysis will focus on the difference, if any, between the revenues derived from the
premiums charged under the programme and its long-term operating costs and
20 (footnote original) Appellate Body Report, supra, footnote, para. 101. 21 Appellate Body Report, US – FSC (Article 21.5 – EC), paras. 129-133. 22 Panel Report, Canada – Aircraft Credits and Guarantees, para. 7.395. 23 Panel Report, US – Upland Cotton, para. 7.804.
(...) The reference to 'long term' guides us to undertake an overall
appraisal of the programme over a sufficiently long period of time in order to gain a full appreciation of the functioning of the programme and any relationship between
premiums charged and operating costs and losses."29
24 Appellate Body Report, US – Upland Cotton (Article 21.5 – Brazil), para. 278. 25 Panel Report, US – Upland Cotton, para. 7.804. 26 Panel Report, US – Upland Cotton, para. 7.817. 27 Panel Report, US – Upland Cotton, para. 7.824. 28 Panel Report, US – Upland Cotton, para. 7.825. 29 Panel Report, US – Upland Cotton, para. 7.832.
Language:English
Score: 825966.4
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https://www.wto.org/english/re.../ai17_e/subsidies_anni_jur.pdf
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