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As part of the roll out of Universal Credit, the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) has identified automatic fraud prevention as an important element of this process, as remarked in a National Audit Office (NAO) report: “The Department [DWP] intends to develop a fully automated risk analysis and intelligence system on fraud and error.”7 Since 2011, the DWP has encouraged local authorities to use Risk Based Verification (RBV) “to assess the risk of ‘fraud and error’ in welfare claims”8. This was encouraged to “streamline benefit applications by allowing low risk applicants for housing benefit and 1 Taskforce on Innovation, Growth and Regulatory Reform (2021), Independent Report. 2 Equality and Human Rights Commission and Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (2021), Report of the EHRC and the NIHRC following the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy’s visit to the UK in June 2018. 3 Court of Appeal (2020), R (Bridges) –v- CC South Wales & ors. 4 Ibid. 5 Information Commissioner’s Office (2019), Information Commissioner’s Opinion: The use of live facial recognition technology by law enforcement in public places. 6 Information Commissioner’s Office (2021), Information Commissioner’s Opinion: The use of live facial recognition technology i n public places. 7 National Audit Office (2018), Rolling out Universal Credit. 8 Big Brother Watch (2021), Poverty Panopticon. (...) The tool, which the Home Office described as a digital ‘streaming tool,’ assigns a Red, Amber or Green risk rating to applicants.”30 This coding system also related to nationalities, which Foxglove claimed amounted to “a secret list of suspect nationalities automatically given a ‘red’ traffic- light risk score – people of these nationalities were likely to be denied a visa.”31 Both JCWI and Foxglove stated that the algorithm established a feedback loop where previous decisions based on this system would reinforce future decisions, making it more likely for individuals from the flagged nations to be coded as high risk.

Цель данной стратегии — помочь странам разработать свои собственные программы улучшения национальных систем рутинного сбора информации о здравоохране- нии в преддверии следующей глобальной оценки SCORE в 2025 году и на более отдаленную перспективу. В настоящее время ВОЗ проводит обсуждения с __________________ 5 URL: www.who.int/data/data-collection-tools/score. 6 Всемирная организация здравоохранения, документ A74/8. 7 URL: www.healthdatacollaborative.org. (...) Цель стратегии заключается в том, чтобы к моменту проведения следующей глобальной оценки SCORE в 2025 году страны располагали более прочным потенциалом в этой области.

Subsequently, the Moroccan Presidency will pursue actions to achieve the following: A) Promote adequate economic and regulatory environment so as to expand investment opportunities in the green economy for the private sector, including:  Adequate public policies and regulations in favor of the green economy and climate resilient investments, along with appropriate support mechanisms for the private sector (mobilization of production resources, infrastructure, removal of regulatory and administrative barriers, …);  Enhancing business climate, particularly in relation to reinforcing markets transparency on “price formation”, access to information, judicial security of transactions, public procurement procedures, and more generally promoting and protecting investments;  Supporting country-driven efforts to establish carbon pricing mechanisms and tools including municipal and national fiscal policy tools, including the use of generated revenues in adaptation projects; B) Use guarantees’ mechanisms provided by development banks and multilateral agencies and concessional finance to catalyze private investment towards funding climate action projects in developing and least developed countries; There is a clear opportunity to build mutualized mechanisms of guarantee provided by MDBs and dedicated to investments in climate mitigation and/or adaptation projects in developing and least developed countries, so as to allow for:  Significant investment risk reduction in developing and least developed countries, including credit risk, commercial risks, political risks, as well as regulatory and administrative barriers, especially for trans- border projects;  Mobilization of new actors including philanthropists and impact investors by mutualizing available finance around large-scale projects in the South and providing adequate finance at various project stages, as well as risk coverage for specific countries;  Maximized leveraging of public resources mobilized through mixed financing structures and public- private partnerships. (...) Such platforms/facilities would be conceived to lower transaction costs for project developers/lenders, and aimed to:  Achieve economies of scale and efficiency by aggregating guarantees from multiple institutions with improved coordination to support riskier climate related projects;  Use guarantee mechanisms to attract institutional capital;  Significantly enhance the credit score of climate projects in developing countries, and help remove political, regulatory and administrative barriers especially for cross-border projects.

ТЬе:у shall Ье lncorporated lnto еасЬ documentary credit Ьу wording in the credit indicating that such credit is issued subject to Uniform Customs and Practice Ео! (...) ~ace to Ье 1п accot"dance with the other terms алd conditicns оЕ the credit. 4t с. Unless otherwise ~tlpulated in the credit. banks wi11 ассер! (...) Article 39 Wnore а, credit stipu1ates "iлsuгапсе a,gainst al1 risks".

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫХ НАЦИЙ S СОВЕТ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ Distr. GENERAL S/AC.26/2002/27 3 October 2002 RUSSIAN

Table 1 Status of letters of credit as at 29 February 2008, by expiry period Outstanding letters of credit Letters of credit with claims of delivery Expiration period Number Value* Number Value* 2004 33 39 120 755.93 30 30 799 952.54 2005 7 2 208 858.42 6 1 842 789.75 2006 62 191 313 411.90 56 48 963 277.90 2007 65 372 102 498.96 56 182 089 819.89 Total 167 604 745 525.21 148 263 695 840.09 Total at 31 December 2007 210 656 254 366.16 164 175 370 699.87 * United States dollar equivalent. (...) S/2008/175 6 08-26988 Table 3 Status of letters of credit, by category as at 29 February 2008 Total outstanding letters of credit Letters of credit with claims of delivery Category Number Value* Number Value* Confirmation of arrival in Iraq which may be issued by the Government of Iraq prior to 30 April 2008 (see annex I) 131 444 623 607.80 121 205 822 034.89 Letters of credit targeted for cancellation (see annex II) 17 140 167 762.45 14 40 632 254.69 Paid or to be paid in 2008 (see annex III) 19 19 954 154.96 13 17 241 550.50 Total 167 604 745 525.21 148 263 695 840.09 * United States dollar equivalent. S/2008/175 08-26988 7 Table 4 Analysis of letters of credit by sector as at 29 February 2008 Category Total 1 2 3 4 5 Sector No.

S/2007/476 07-45327 13 Annex I — Status of Letters of credit as of 30 June 2007 Seq Communication No. (...) S/2007/476 14 07-45327 Annex I — Status of Letters of credit as of 30 June 2007 Seq Communication No. (...) Letter of Credit No. Issue Date Expiry Date Currency Amount Equivalent US$ Sector Mission Beneficiary 16 1300553 B751627 11/12/2003 15/01/2005 EUR 67 489.48 91 202.00 Food Jordan Universal Modern Industris Co. for Edi- ble Oil, Amman, Subtotal of letters of credit expired in 2005 16 Letters of Credit 50 729 475.36 1 600833 Z729302 05/03/2002 19/06/2006 USD 110 069.00 110 069.00 Communica- tion/Transportation China China National Technical Import and Export Corporation, Beijing 2 601308 Z729547 20/03/2002 19/06/2006 USD 403 885.12 403 885.12 Communica- tion/Transportation China CMEC International Engineering Co.

Comm No Letter of Credit Currency Value of Letter of Credit in Original Currency Payments made Remaining Bal- ance Status Beneficiary 86 1300033 B750473 EUR 1 255 000.00 - 1 255 000.00 Active United Arab Company for International Trading, Cairo 87 1300126 B750927 JPY 2 231 599 767.00 2 211 399 279.00 20 200 488.00 Active Al Rowa’a General Trading Co. (...) Comm No Letter of Credit Currency Value of Letter of Credit in Original Currency Payments made Cancelled Amount Status Beneficiary 45 700844 U721471 USD 143 477.50 - 143 477.50 Cancelled EUROPEAN MIDDLE EAST PROJECTS CO., BRUSSELS 46 701220 U724139 USD 164 088.45 - 164 088.45 Cancelled PENINSULA TRAD. (...) Comm No Letter of Credit Currency Value of Letter of Credit in Original Currency Payments made Cancelled Amount Status Beneficiary 90 731032 U737779 EUR 3 098 068.18 - 3 098 068.18 Cancelled Joint Stock Company Stroytransgas, Mos- cow 91 731033 U737629 EUR 66 099.98 - 66 099.98 Cancelled Petro Technology, Paris 92 731034 U751422 EUR 94 521.93 - 94 521.93 Cancelled Daewoo International Corporation, Seoul 93 731062 U750941 JPY 83 459 200.00 - 83 459 200.00 Cancelled Phoenix International, Amman 94 731063 U751287 EUR 54 400.00 - 54 400.00 Cancelled National Fire Fighting Mfg Co.

Организация Объединенных Наций S/2007/725 Совет Безопасности Distr.: General 12 December 2007 Russian Original: English 07-63931 (R)

S/2008/318 08-33835 5 Table 1 Status of letters of credit by expiry period as at 30 April 2008 Outstanding letters of credit Letters of credit with claims of delivery Expiration period Number Valuea Number Valuea 2004 29 30,412,088.93 27 22,847,736.68 2005 6 2,065,697.14 6 1,891,007.13 2006 59 189,582,257.78 57 93,310,982.88 2007 57 300,649,426.42 53 175,513,378.59 Total 151 522,709,470.27 143 293,563,105.28 Total at 29 February 2008 167 604,745,525.21 148 263,695,840.09 aUnited States dollar equivalent. (...) Table 3 Status of letters of credit by category as at 30 April 2008 Total outstanding letters of credit Letters of credit with claims of delivery Category Number Valuea Number Valuea Confirmation of arrival in Iraq which may be issued by the Government of Iraq prior to 15 May 2008 (see annex I) 79 324,224,336.37 78 216,131,708.27 Letters of credit requested to be cancelled by the Government of Iraq and final status to be reviewed by the Secretariat (see Annex II) 50 180,535,187.07 45 61,092,389.23 Payments in process partial or full where confirmation of arrival has been received recently (see annex III) 22 17,949,946.83 20 16,339,007.78 Total 151 522,709,470.27 143 293,563,105.28 aUnited States dollar equivalent. 10. (...) S/2008/318 08-33835 9 Table 4 Analysis of letters of credit by category and ministry as at 30 April 2008 Category Total 1 2 3 Ministry No.