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As part of the roll out of Universal Credit, the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) has identified automatic fraud prevention as an important element of this process, as remarked in a National Audit Office (NAO) report: “The Department [DWP] intends to develop a fully automated risk analysis and intelligence system on fraud and error.”7 Since 2011, the DWP has encouraged local authorities to use Risk Based Verification (RBV) “to assess the risk of ‘fraud and error’ in welfare claims” 8 . This was encouraged to “streamline benefit applications by allowing low risk applicants for housing benefit and 1 Taskforce on Innovation, Growth and Regulatory Reform (2021), Independent Report. 2 Equality and Human Rights Commission and Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (2021), Report of the EHRC and the NIHRC following the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy’s visit to the UK in June 2018. 3 Court of Appeal (2020), R (Bridges) –v- CC South Wales & ors. 4 Ibid. 5 Information Commissioner’s Office (2019), Information Commissioner’s Opinion: The use of live facial recognition technology by law enforcement in public places. 6 Information Commissioner’s Office (2021), Information Commissioner’s Opinion: The use of live facial recognition technology i n public places. 7 National Audit Office (2018), Rolling out Universal Credit. 8 Big Brother Watch (2021), Poverty Panopticon. (...) The tool, which the Home Office described as a digital ‘streaming tool,’ assigns a Red, Amber or Green risk rating to applicants.”30 This coding system also related to nationalities, which Foxglove claimed amounted to “a secret list of suspect nationalities automatically given a ‘red’ traffic- light risk score – people of these nationalities were likely to be denied a visa.”31 Both JCWI and Foxglove stated that the algorithm established a feedback loop where previous decisions based on this system would reinforce future decisions, making it more likely for individuals from the flagged nations to be coded as high risk.

Trends in overall LPI score for Lebanon, 2010-2016 ......................................................... 35 16. (...) Trends in tracking and tracing score for Lebanon, 2010-2016 ........................................... 37 22. Trends in timelines score for Lebanon, 2010-2016 ............................................................. 38 23.

القروض المتوفرة في المنطقة ضمان بيانات عن بعض آليات .مؤسسة ضمان القروض في الجمهورية العربية السورية مالها وملكيتها، وأصغرها ضمانات الجزئية للقروضبرامج ال -6الجدول تاريخ البدء االسم البلد مينحقوق المساه بماليين الدوالرات ( )كيةياألمر )بالنسبة المئوية(المساهمون المصارف الحكومة جهات أخرى 26 14 60 .. 1994 األردنية لضمان القروض األردن - 10 90 .. 2010 صندوق خليفة اإلمارات العربية المتحدة 6 - 94 10 2010 مؤسسة ضمان القروض في سورية الجمهورية العربية السورية - 100 - 12 2007 الشركة العراقية للكفاالت المصرفية العراق فلسطين الصندوق األوروبي الفلسطيني - - 100 40 2005 لضمان القروض - 62.5 37.5 50 1999 شركة كفاالت لبنان 10 90 - 52 1991 شركة ضمان مخاطر االئتمان مصر - 50 50 57 2005 صناعية السعوديصندوق التنمية ال المملكة العربية السعودية E/ESCWA/27/4(Part III) -14 - Youssef Saadani, Zsofia Arvai, and Roberto Rocha, Policy Research Working Paper, A Review of Credit Guarantee :المصدر Schemes in the Middle East and North Africa Region (Washington D.C., World Bank, 2011) p. 7. .إلى أن القيمة هي صفر) -(تشير الشرطة :اتمالحظ .تشيران إلى عدم توفّر البيانات(..) (...) وآليات اإلقراض للقطاع المالي البنى التحتية ويعود السبب في ذلك إلى ضعف - 25 تمدها بالقدرة على النمو وعلى أداء دور هام و ،البرامج سليمة من الناحية المالية المالية التي تتمتع بها هذه .)19(في تمويل الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة 2009الخدمات المتوفرة في إطار بعض برامج ضمان القروض في المنطقة، -7الجدول دـالبل متوسط قيمة الضمانات الصادرة الضمانات المتأخرة عدد الضمانات الصادرة العدد لكل مليون شخص القيمة بماليين ( الدوالرات )كيةيراألم النسبة المئوية من الناتج المحلي )أ(اإلجمالي النسبة المئوية من مجموع القروض للشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة القيمة بالدوالرات كيةيراألم على أساس نصيب الفرد من الناتج )أ(جماليالمحلي اإل 10 37 700 1.4 0.07 16 41 245 األردن 5 10 000 .. 0.01 8 33 964 العراق 11.4 18 000 33 0.30 18 128 539 فلسطين 14.6 117 000 10 0.90 292 292 1 169 لبنان 22 37 830 9 0.07 162 45 3 595 )ب(مصر المملكة العربية 13 95 000 3.2 0.03 69 18 504 السعودية 13 52 588 11 0.23 94 93 1 169 المعدل Adapted from Youssef Saadani, Zsofia Arvai, and Roberto Rocha, Policy Research Working Paper, A Review of Credit: المصدر Guarantee Schemes in the Middle East and North Africa Region (Washington D.C., World Bank, 2011) p. 26. .تشيران إلى عدم توفّر البيانات(..) النقطتان : مالحظة .باستثناء النفط )أ( .اء القروض الصغرىباستثن )ب( وسطةتحليل تجريبي للعالقة بين حصول الشركات الصغيرة والمت -رابعاً على التمويل وخلق فرص العمل )19( Youssef Saadani, Zsofia Arvai, and Roberto Rocha, Policy Research Working Paper, A Review of Credit Guarantee Schemes in the Middle East and North Africa Region (Washington D.C., World Bank, 2011).

General government fiscal positions of selected Arab countries ............................................... 90 30. Sovereign credit ratings and IMF deals ...................................................................................... 96 31. (...) Top 20 bank credit exposures ..................................................................................................... 48 42. (...) Trade-offs of commercial credit in ACTs .................................................................................. 95 68.

Subsequently, the Moroccan Presidency will pursue actions to achieve the following: A) Promote adequate economic and regulatory environment so as to expand investment opportunities in the green economy for the private sector, including:  Adequate public policies and regulations in favor of the green economy and climate resilient investments, along with appropriate support mechanisms for the private sector (mobilization of production resources, infrastructure,‬removal‬of‬regulatory‬and‬administrative‬barriers,‬…);‬  Enhancing‬ business‬ climate,‬ particularly‬ in‬ relation‬ to‬ reinforcing‬ markets‬ transparency‬ on‬ “price‬ formation”, access to information, judicial security of transactions, public procurement procedures, and more generally promoting and protecting investments;  Supporting country-driven efforts to establish carbon pricing mechanisms and tools including municipal and national fiscal policy tools, including the use of generated revenues in adaptation projects; B) Use guarantees’ mechanisms provided by development banks and multilateral agencies and concessional finance to catalyze private investment towards funding climate action projects in developing and least developed countries; There is a clear opportunity to build mutualized mechanisms of guarantee provided by MDBs and dedicated to investments in climate mitigation and/or adaptation projects in developing and least developed countries, so as to allow for:  Significant investment risk reduction in developing and least developed countries, including credit risk, commercial risks, political risks, as well as regulatory and administrative barriers, especially for trans- border projects;  Mobilization of new actors including philanthropists and impact investors by mutualizing available finance around large-scale projects in the South and providing adequate finance at various project stages, as well as risk coverage for specific countries;  Maximized leveraging of public resources mobilized through mixed financing structures and public- private partnerships. (...) Such platforms/facilities would be conceived to lower transaction costs for project developers/lenders, and aimed to:  Achieve economies of scale and efficiency by aggregating guarantees from multiple institutions with improved coordination to support riskier climate related projects;  Use guarantee mechanisms to attract institutional capital;  Significantly enhance the credit score of climate projects in developing countries, and help remove political, regulatory and administrative barriers especially for cross-border projects.

األمم املتحدة اخلـاص بـالعراق كاحتيـاطي ألي مطالبـات غـري متوقعـة مـن املـوردين مل حتـصل علـى تعـويض مـن حكومـة العـراق اخلصوص، من اجلـدير بالـذكر أن األمـم املتحـدة .بشأن األموال اليت حولت حىت تارخيه إىل صندوق تنمية العراق S/2006/510 10 06-42759 Table 2 - Letters of credit that expired by 31 December 2004 Seq Communication No. (...) Letter of Credit No. Issue Date Expiry Date Currency Amount Equivalent US$ Sector 45 1200538 P751207 17/10/2003 22/08/2004 JPY 5,362,477.00 47,879.26 Agriculture 46 1200994 P751686 24/12/2003 30/11/2004 EUR 1,237,893.02 1,591,122.13 Food Handling 47 1201433 P751682 23/12/2003 19/08/2004 EUR 11,635.25 14,955.33 Agriculture 48 1230106 P738747 14/03/2003 31/12/2004 EUR 26,821.92 34,475.48 Oil Spares 49 1230165 P750440 04/03/2003 31/07/2004 EUR 72,973.00 93,795.63 Oil Spares 50 1230276 P751455 17/11/2003 10/04/2004 EUR 8,440.14 10,848.51 Oil Spares 51 1230417 P751267 07/11/2003 20/10/2004 EUR 58,087.41 74,662.48 Oil Spares 52 1230555 P751469 24/11/2003 13/10/2004 EUR 3,633.47 4,670.27 Oil Spares 53 1230588 P750096 04/03/2003 30/06/2004 EUR 203,521.95 261,596.34 Oil Spares 54 1230606 P751359 17/11/2003 25/10/2004 EUR 42,698.00 54,881.75 Oil Spares 55 1230615 P750175 03/03/2003 03/07/2004 EUR 48,226.27 61,987.49 Oil Spares 56 1300021 ** B739304 03/02/2003 27/12/2004 EUR 6,588,958.85 8,469,098.78 Education 57 1300068 ** B750137 06/03/2003 01/05/2004 EUR 2,600.00 3,341.90 Food 58 1300211 B751748 05/01/2004 24/08/2004 EUR 342,717.59 440,511.04 Agriculture 59 1300213 B750302 10/03/2003 13/12/2004 EUR 726,930.60 934,358.10 Food Handling 60 1300215 B750425 06/03/2003 27/09/2004 EUR 270,759.10 348,019.41 Housing 61 1300396 B751597 15/12/2003 20/09/2004 EUR 86,751.00 111,505.14 Agriculture 62 1300594 B751625 11/12/2003 31/10/2004 EUR 2,583,244.88 3,320,366.17 Food Total 62 Letters of Credit 50,838,849.68 ** Pending request of amendment from Central Bank of Iraq (6) *** Pending request of amendment from concerned ministries (1) **** Request for amendment received from Central Bank of Iraq after 31 December 2005 (1) BNP Amendment request pending with BNP Paribas (1) S/2006/510 06-42759 13 Table 3 - Letters of Credit that Expired by 31 December 2005 Seq Communication No. Letter of Credit No. Issue Date Expiry Date Currency Amount Equivalent US$ Sector 1 278 K712779 02/02/1999 28/02/2005 USD 511,809.06 511,809.06 Oil Spares 2 53314 Y726000 16/04/2001 17/05/2005 USD 209,600.00 209,600.00 Oil Spares 3 630631 Z737711 29/08/2005 29/08/2005 USD 201,207.00 201,207.00 Oil Spares 4 631048 Z728693 20/07/2001 31/01/2005 USD 420,000.00 420,000.00 Oil Spares 5 631121 ** Z751442 03/12/2003 10/07/2005 EUR 3,533,300.00 4,541,516.71 Oil Spares 6 700232 U751804 27/04/2004 29/05/2005 EUR 2,223.04 2,857.38 Food Handling 7 700917 U728022 29/08/2005 29/08/2005 USD 4,400.00 4,400.00 Communication/Transportation 8 801150 M728133 21/06/2001 31/12/2005 USD 12,583.88 12,583.88 Electricity 9 901392 L751798 09/02/2004 11/04/2005 EUR 11,537.70 14,829.95 Water & Sanitation 10 901987 L734729 31/05/2002 30/01/2005 EUR 600,000.00 771,208.23 Water & Sanitation 11 902070 L737457 25/10/2002 11/01/2005 USD 42,829.32 42,829.32 Water & Sanitation 12 1000600 T732494 13/05/2002 26/03/2005 EUR 21,098,181.82 27,118,485.63 Housing 13 1001885 **** T751084 22/09/2003 21/09/2005 EUR 1,213,225.00 1,559,415.17 Special Allocation 14 1030086 T733143 28/01/2002 31/05/2005 EUR 30,545,141.00 39,261,106.68 Oil Spares 15 1100129 V736053 16/07/2002 17/01/2005 EUR 163,077.11 209,610.68 Housing 16 1101473 V736780 27/11/2002 15/02/2005 JPY 64,637,770.00 577,122.95 Agriculture 17 1201398 P750262 05/03/2003 28/02/2005 EUR 53,960.05 69,357.39 Food Handling 18 1201429 P750492 06/03/2003 31/01/2005 EUR 42,637.00 54,803.34 Communication/Transportation 19 1230009 *** P751781 13/01/2004 28/02/2005 GBP 1,010,000.00 1,894,934.33 Oil Spares 20 1230167 P750836 29/08/2005 29/08/2005 EUR 1,825.16 2,345.96 Oil Spares 21 1230171 ** P751493 15/12/2003 20/02/2005 EUR 7,517,892.83 9,663,101.32 Oil Spares 22 1230177 P751197 17/10/2003 28/02/2005 EUR 5,954.85 7,654.05 Oil Spares 23 1300033 ** B750473 11/03/2003 31/01/2005 EUR 1,255,000.00 1,613,110.54 Communication/Transportation 24 1300128 B750304 14/03/2003 30/01/2005 EUR 999,997.38 1,285,343.68 Water & Sanitation 25 1300553 B751627 11/12/2003 15/01/2005 EUR 67,489.48 86,747.40 Food Total 25 Letters of Credit 90,135,980.65 ** Pending request of amendment from Central Bank of Iraq (3) *** Pending request of amendment from concerned ministries (1) **** Request for amendment received from Central Bank of Iraq after 31 December 2005 (1) S/2006/510 14 06-42759 Table 4 - Letters of Credit That are Due to Expire During 2006 Seq Communication No.

A recent Food Nutrition Research Institute study on household food insecurity in the regions of Mindanao, using the World Food Programme (WFP) food consumption score tool, revealed that the region had a low variety in the diet, with 38.57 per cent of the surveyed population not having consumed meat, milk, milk products, tubers, roots, legumes, nuts or seeds in the past seven days, while 43.1 per cent of households were severely food insecure and 48.1 per cent of households had coped with food insecurity, with household members having to eat a smaller meal than they felt they needed because there was not enough food. 28. (...) Only 89 of those NGOs provide credit and saving services, and only 3 implement an insurance mechanism. (...) With less than 3 per cent of women who work in the agriculture and fisheries sectors benefiting from support services such as credit, seeds, training and access to technology, it is almost impossible for them to access a sustainable income and livelihood.

Ltd., Moscow S/2007/476 07-45323 20 Annex I - Status of Letters of credit as of 30 June 2007 Seq Communication No. (...) S/2007/476 25 07-45323 Annex I - Status of Letters of credit as of 30 June 2007 Seq Communication No. (...) Letter of Credit No. Issue Date Expiry Date Currency Amount Equivalent US$ Sector Mission Beneficia

Comm No Letter of Credit Currency Value of Letter of Credit in Original Currency Payments made Remaining Balance Status Beneficiary 88 1300213 B750302 EUR 3 248 537.53 2 521 606.93 726 930.60 Active Societe D’Equipment De Transport Et De Carrosserie, Ezzahra 89 1300215 B750425 EUR 1 492 800.00 1 239 984.35 252 815.65 Active Laceramic, Tunis 90 1300396 B751597 EUR 180 150.00 138 931.50 41 218.50 Active VALEO OTOMOTIV SIS. (...) Comm No Letter of Credit Currency Value of Letter of Credit in Original Currency Payments made Cancelled Amount Status Beneficiary 45 700844 U721471 USD 143 477.50 - 143 477.50 Cancelled EUROPEAN MIDDLE EAST PROJECTS CO., BRUSSELS 46 701220 U724139 USD 164 088.45 - 164 088.45 Cancelled PENINSULA TRAD. (...) Comm No Letter of Credit Currency Value of Letter of Credit in Original Currency Payments made Cancelled Amount Status Beneficiary 90 731032 U737779 EUR 3 098 068.18 - 3 098 068.18 Cancelled Joint Stock Company Stroytransgas, Moscow 91 731033 U737629 EUR 66 099.98 - 66 099.98 Cancelled Petro Technology, Paris 92 731034 U751422 EUR 94 521.93 - 94 521.93 Cancelled Daewoo International Corporation, Seoul 93 731062 U750941 JPY 83 459 200.00 - 83 459 200.00 Cancelled Phoenix International, Amman 94 731063 U751287 EUR 54 400.00 - 54 400.00 Cancelled National Fire Fighting Mfg Co.

Current status of letters of credit (LCs). II. Current status of letters of credit: detail. (...) IV. Letters of credit for which Ministries have requested extension. V. Letters of credit with penalty issues. VI. Letters of credit with payment issues.