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In order to stimulate housing construction, the State has made significant planning efforts to provide well-located urban land to private entrepreneurs and to promote access to mortgage-based credit, to allow citizens to build their own homes and apartments or purchase property in housing complexes built by private investors. 11. (...) During the same period, 36,656 households belonging to the category of priority citizens have received housing units built with the support of the State housing credit system. 15. The State allocated 49.7 billion tenge (approximately 331.3 million United States dollars) in the period between 2005 and 2010 for the construction of social housing units. (...) The above-mentioned programme also aims at facilitating the implementation of the Housing Construction (Savings in the Republic of Kazakhstan) Act by establishing a system of housing credits to enable local authorities to build social housing units funded from the national budget. The housing credit system aims at facilitating access to adequate housing for medium-income people, who can buy housing at the market price.

The number of female-headed households is increasing, but testimonies and statistics indicate that women are less likely to be accepted for loans, credit and mortgage schemes, limiting their access to formal housing. 29. There has been some progress recently. The Solidarity Credit Programme was created to assist families with a monthly income of up to three times the minimum wage to acquire construction materials and rehabilitate housing units. (...) In 2000/02, financial investments dropped drastically and certain restrictions were imposed on the public sector, which operated 95 per cent of the sanitation services. Restrictions on credit for the public sector pose an obstacle to the implementation of urbanization programmes for the very poor. 32.

: احلش املرتاا ف نغ نغ و رنه ت ر اتش س ه اتدمييراط هاملير )ف( (KORYO CREDIT DEVELOPMENT BANKمصر كوريو للتطوير االئتم ين ) - 3 ت ت ــــ نر االئتلــــ ي ق ــــ أل االــــدم ل امل ت ــــه وــــلن : ن لــــ مرــــر ت رنــــ ات صــــل )ك( اقتر و رنه ت ر اتش س ه اتدمييراط ه. Daesong Credit: مرـــــــر ان ـــــــ نغ ت ت ـــــــ نر االئتلـــــــ ي )م ـــــــرو كنضـــــــ ابةـــــــم )د( Development Bank( ؛ ومرـــر ت رنـــ االئتلـــ ي ات ـــ ملش)Koryo Global Credit Bankات ملش ) (؛ ومرر ت رن االةدتل يKoryo Global Trust Bank) : ف نغ نغ و رنه ت ر اتش س ه اتدمييراط هاملير )ف( MANSUDAE OVERSEAS PROJECTمشييييييروة جممو يييييية شييييييرك ت م نسييييييودي اخل رجييييييية ) - ٤ GROUP OF COMPANIES) اال رإ ــه ترــدنر ات لــ / مــن شــ را مشــروأل جمل عــه شــرت ل م ن ــ ا :ات صــل )ك( كخـــرى تالوـــ الأل أبنشـــ ه ال صـــ ه ف ـــداأ و رنـــه تـــ ر اتشـــ س ه اتدمييراط ـــه إىل تـــا تشـــ د اتتل ث ـــ واد ر تت ت ـــد إنـــرا ال حلو مـــه و رنـــه تـــ ر ابتتشـــ د ـــ س ــ حلــاد ات لـ / اتوــ را كو ن جيـر اتي ــ م أبنشـ ه مــن تـفا اتي اتشـ س ه اتدمييراط ـه كو كو ت أ م ؤوال عو .

S/2014/147 األمــم املتحـدة Distr.: General 6 March 2014 جملس األمن Arabic Original: English 100314 100314 14-23225 (A) *1423225* مذكرة من

ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ E/C.16/2007/4 10 07-20864 ﳌﺍﻖﻓﺮ ﺎﻬﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺡﺮﺘﻘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ Democracy ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ)ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ( Governance (administrative) ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ Public Administration ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ Competition law ﺔﻴﻜﻠﳌﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ Property rights ﺔﻳﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﳌﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ Intellectual property rights ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ Public sector ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ Developing countries ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ International financial relations ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ International financial system ﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍﻴﻨـﺔﻳﺰ Keynesianism ﻩﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ Welfare State ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻲﻔﳋﺍ /ﻱﺮﺴﻟﺍ Black economy ﺔﻴﳚﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺋﺍﺮﻀﻟﺍ Progressive taxation ﱄﺎﳌﺍ ﺰﺠﻌﻟﺍ Fiscal deficit ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﺣ Corporate governance ﺹﺎﳋﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺕﺎﻛﺍﺮﺸﻟﺍ Public-private sector partnerships ﻱﺩﺎﲢﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ Federalism ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻟﺍ/ﺾﻳﻮﻔﺘﻟﺍ Subsidiarity ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻼﻟﺍ Decentralization ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻝﻼﻐﺘﺳﻻﺍ Economic exploitation ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ Trade discrimination ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺘﻨﻛﺮﳌﺍ Mercantilism ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳌﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ Human capital ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﳍﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ Structural unemployment ﺮﺟﻷﺍ ﻢﻋﺩ/ﺮﺟﻷﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻋﺇ Wage subsidy ﻮﻓﻭﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﳋﺍ ﻢﺠﳊﺍ ﺉﻭﺎﺴﻣﻭ ﺕﺍﺭ External economies and diseconomies ﺵﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻﺍﻭ ﻢﺨﻀﺘﻟﺍ Inflation and deflation ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻨﳉﺍ ﺔﻧﺰﻴﳌﺍ Gender budgeting ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻮﳓ ﺔﻬﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻧﺰﻴﳌﺍ Outcomes oriented budgeting E/C.16/2007/4 07-20864 11 ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ Governance and public administration ﺓﺪﻴﺷﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ Good governance ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ New public management ﺔﳌﻮﻌﻟﺍ Globalization ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ Governance ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﺣ Corporate governance ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ Global governance ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ Regional governance ﺔﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ Local governance ﺓﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ New governance ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ Co-governance ﺔﺒﻴﺠﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ) ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺘﻘﻤﻠﻟ( Responsive governance ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍ Electronic governance (E-governance) ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ Electronic government ﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻛﻮﳊﺍﺘﺔﻠﻘﻨ Mobile government ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﺠﻔﻟﺍ Digital divide ﺔﻴﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﻮﺠﻔﻟﺍ Knowledge divide ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ Knowledge-based society ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ Information society ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﳊﺍ Virtual state ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ/ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺔﻳﺰﻫﺎﺟ E-government readiness ﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﳋ ﺔﻬﺟ Customer-oriented/driven government ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻮﳓ ﺔﻬﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ Result-oriented/driven government ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ Competitive government ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ Competitiveness ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ Global/world competitiveness ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ Public management ﺝﺫﺎــ ـﳕ :ﻝﺎــ ـﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎــ ـﻗ ﻞــ ـﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﺎــ ـﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎــ ـﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ Paradigms: administrative (Public law) vs. entrepre- neurial ّﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﺔﻴﺗﺎ) ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺞﻧﻬ( Managerialism ﻲﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﻹﺍ Government reform ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﻹﺍ Administrative reform ﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﻹﺍﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘ Management reform E/C.16/2007/4 12 07-20864 ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﺇ Public sector reform ﲑﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ Change management ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺑﻻﺍ Innovation ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﳌ ﻱﺭﺬﳉﺍ ﲑﻐﺘﻟﺍ Reinventing government ﺔﺳﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ Reengineering ﺔﻠﻜﻴﳍﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ Restructuring ﺓﺮَﻴّﻌﳌﺍ Benchmarking ﳌﺍﻰﻠﺜﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤ Best practice ﺕﺎﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷﺍ Ethics ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻫﺍﱰﻟﺍ Public integrity ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻀﻔﻟﺍ Public virtue ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ Public values ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ/ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ Performance management ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ Performance indicator ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍ Performance agreement ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ Performance measurement ﻕﺎﺜﻴﻣ/ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍ Performance charter/pledge ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺎﺑ ﺮﺟﻷﺍ ﻂﺑﺭ Performance-related pay ﲔﻔﻇﻮﳌﺍ ﻥﻭﺆﺷ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ Human resources management vs. personnel man- agement ﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮ Strategic human resources management ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ Human resources development ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ Life-long learning ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ Learning organization ﰊﺎﳚﻹﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ Affirmative action ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻟﺍ Diversity ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ Diversity management ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ Multi-culturalism ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺍ Civil service vs. public service ﺺﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ/ﺾﻴﻔﺨﺘﻟﺍ Downsizing ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ Balanced score card ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ Competency ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ Competency framework E/C.16/2007/4 07-20864 13 ﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺗﺓﺀﺎﻔ Competency assessment ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺘﻟﺍ/ﺩﺎﺷﺭﻹﺍ Mentoring ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﺇ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﺇ Civil service reform vs. public service reform ﻗﻼﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﺔﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ Public customer relationship management ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﻮﺴﺗ Policy marketing ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟﺍ Political marketing ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ Public relations ﺔﻳﺬﻴﻔﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻛﻮﻟﺍ Executive agency َﻮﻟﺍﹾﻛَﹶﻠ ﺔَﻨ)ﺕﻻﺎﻛﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ( Agencification ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ Public body ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ Public enterprise or corporation ﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍﺔﻟﻭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻛﻮﻠﻤﳌ State-owned enterprise ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴــﳌﺍ ﺔﺒــﺷ ﺔــﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﲑــﻏ ﺔــﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ/ﲑــﻏ ﺔــﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔــﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟﺍ QUANGO or non departmental public body ﺹﺎﳋﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻛﺍﺮﺸﻟﺍ Public-private partnership ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻔﺸﻟﺍ Transparency ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﳌﺍ Participation ﺩﺎﻴﺳﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺓ/ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﺣ Rule of law ﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ Citizen participation ﲔﻜﻤﺘﻟﺍ Empowerment ﻕﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳﻻﺍ Entitlement ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ Regulation ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ/ﺩﻮﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻔﲣ De-regulation ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﻹﺍ Regulatory reform ﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍﺔﻴﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﺔ Local autonomy ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻼﻟﺍ) ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ( Decentralization (Political, administrative, and fi- nancial) ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ/ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻼﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺫﺎﲣﺍ Centralization ﺔﻟﻮﻠﻳﻷﺍ Devolution ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ Inter-governmental relations ﺲﻨﳉﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ Gender ﲔﺴﻨﳉﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﳌﺍ Gender equality ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻨﳉﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﺰﻴﳌﺍ Gender budget ﻲﺴﻨﳉﺍ ﺵﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ Sexual harassment E/C.16/2007/4 14 07-20864 ﺰﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ Discrimination ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﻻﺍ Public union ﻕﺯﺄﳌﺍ Impasse ﻢﻴﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ Arbitration ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻖﳊﺍ Right to work ﺕﺎﻋﺯﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻞﺣ Conflict resolution ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ Public policy ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺭﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﻊﺿﻭ Agenda setting and policy formation ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ Policy implementation ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺗ Policy evaluation ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ Policy analysis ﺔﻨﻤﻴﳍﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ Capture theory ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻀﻳﺎﻘﳌﺍ Log-rolling ﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﻟﻤﺠﺍﱐﺪ Civil society ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ NGOs ﺔﻴﲝﺮﻟﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ Non-profit organizations ﺔﻣﺍﺪﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ Sustainable development ﺔﻣﺍﺪﺘﺳﻻﺍ Sustainability ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻜﻳﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ Eco-system

ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ 509062 509032 23926-50.EG )A( ﻣﺆﲤﺮ

Priorities identified in Azerbaijan Vision 2020 for the agricultural and rural development sectors include the development of agro-industries based on local raw materials; continued support to agricultural production; simplified credit mechanisms for the agricultural sector; improved insurance systems in the agricultural sector; and the promotion of ecologically uncontaminated agricultural production.13 __________ 12 See FAO, “Country programming framework for Azerbaijan 2016–2020” (June 2016), p. 4. 13 Ibid. (...) A total of 541 types of services can be __________ 16 In the past two years, the State Agency for Food Safety, the State Agency for Agriculture Credit and Development, the State Agency for Agricultural Services, the State Centre for Agriculture Studies and the State Agriculture Trade Company have been set up. 17 The statute of the Agency is available from http://afsa.gov.az/az/agency/regulation (in Azerbaijani). 18 FAO, Trade Reforms and Food Security: Conceptualizing the Linkages (2003), ch. 2. (...) Providing support and empowering smallholder farmers to work together could solve many of the problems of access to services, such as extension services, credit, machinery, seeds and, more importantly, access to the market, and enable them to compete with the big agribusiness firms.

Throughout the United Kingdom, credit for homeownership was promoted via schemes such as Mortgage Interest Relief at Source (MIRAS (1969 to 2000)), which allowed borrowers tax relief for interest payments on their mortgage.23 Credit loans for the purchase of homes became the leading housing policy tool, increasingly linking the housing and financial sectors. (...) There are over 1.8 million households on the register for social housing and more than 650,000 households living in overcrowded conditions, and the cost of privately renting homes has risen by 37 per cent in the past five years.40 30. The credit crunch of 2007 had its peculiarities in the United Kingdom. (...) As one author notes, “the housing crisis in the UK has taken the form of a crisis of supply and affordability: as tighter credit conditions have reduced the pool of those able to access mortgages, fewer people have been able to afford a suitable property to purchase”.41 31.

As a result, 23 See World Bank, TCdata360, 2019. 24 See World Bank, Report and recommendation of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a proposed first structural adjustment credit in an amount equivalent to $50 million to the Kingdom of Nepal (March 1987); and Project completion report, Nepal, second structural adjustment credit (Credit 2046-NEP) (March 1994). 25 UNCTAD, The Least Developed Countries 2000 Report: Structural adjustment, economic growth and the aid-debt service system, p. 113. 26 World Bank, TCdata360, 2019, FDI net inflows. 27 Ministry of Finance, Economic Survey 2020/21, p. 89; and United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Nepal Private Sector Engagement Assessment, 2020, pp. 118–119. 28 Ministry of Finance, Debt Report 2019–20, pp. 2–3 and 7. 29 See World Inequality Database, income inequality, Nepal, 1980–2021. 30 Nicolas Serrière and Centre for Economic Development and Administration, Labour Market Transitions of Young Women and Men in Nepal, International Labour Organization (May 2014), p. 1. 31 World Bank, Country Economic Memorandum. (...) Landless households find it more difficult to obtain loans from banks, since they cannot use land as collateral for credit.43 Without access to formal financial institutions, poor families are forced to seek access to credit from landowners to pay for dowries, weddings, medical expenses or costs related to migration.44 Those costs lead them to deepen their indebtedness, increasing their dependency on their landowners and perpetuating exploitative arrangements akin to bonded labour. 30.

.); housing (construction of hard- floored dwellings, provision of corrugated iron sheeting); health care (free clinics); and micro-credit, support for small-scale farmers and market access facilities. (...) The choices made by the authorities focus on the root causes of poverty and some good practices have been implemented (the law on social security, civil status, access to health care, housing facilities, allowances for mothers with children in school, title deeds for the poorest members of society, micro-credit programmes). 26. Continuing efforts should be made to ensure that medicines are affordable, that the status of legal migrants is determined, that proper care is provided for the elderly and that the issues of female poverty, domestic violence and birth control are satisfactorily addressed.