LETTER DATED 29 DECEMBER 2020 FROM THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES TO THE UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
Many Member States cited climate change and environmental degradation as
major drivers of global insecurity. In several regions of the world, environmental
degradation had caused significant instability. (...) Some delegations emphasized that marginalization and exclusion, of women,
young people and minorities in particular, were drivers of violence that could
destabilize entire regions. (...) The violation of human rights has been cited by
many as one of the main drivers of conflict. The Security Council needs to
strengthen synergy with the Human Rights Council.
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ASSESSMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE
Revision of the national action programme and inclusion of a knowledge-based identification of
drivers of desertification, land degradation and drought and their interaction (Global) ................... 21
13. (...) Table 15
Self-assessment of aligned national action programmes (Asia)
Subregion
Knowledge-based
identification and
analysis of biophysical
and socioeconomic
drivers of DLDD
Knowledge-based
identification and
analysis of the
interaction between
DLDD and climate
change and
biodiversity
Assessmen
t of the
barriers to
SLMa
Recommend
ations for
removing the
barriers to
SLMa
included
Data for the indicators available
Trends in
abundance and
distribution of
selected species
Trend in carbon
stocks above and
below ground
Central Asia n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
(...) Table 17
Self-assessment of aligned national action programmes (Northern Mediterranean)
Region
Knowledge-based
identification and
analysis of
biophysical and
socioeconomic
drivers of DLDD
Knowledge-based
identification and
analysis of the
interaction between
DLDD and climate
change and
biodiversity
Assessment
of the
barriers to
SLMa
Recommenda
tions for
removing the
barriers to
SLMa
included
Data for the indicators available
Trends in
abundance and
distribution of
selected species
Trend in carbon
stocks above
and below
ground
Northern
Mediterranean
(total) 5 5 5 5 5 5
a Sustainable land management.

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WRITTEN SUBMISSION BY THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND: EQUALITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION (EHRC) - NOTE BY THE SECRETARIAT
A/HRC/48/NI/9
GE.21-13463 5
implementation of this technology despite evidence that it is more difficult for some people
to use it based on the colour of their skin.”27
Concerns have been raised by private hire taxi drivers and couriers that have been publicised
in media reporting.28 Many Uber drivers are required to take a real-time photograph of
themselves for verification via facial recognition software before accessing the app. The
photo is then checked against the driver’s account. Drivers from ethnic minority backgrounds
have failed the facial recognition check, and been unable to work as a result. (...) Those
most frequently referred to the triage system include Albania, India, Pakistan and
27 New Scientist (2019), UK launched passport photo checker it knew would fail with dark skin.
28 Wired (2021), Couriers say Uber’s ‘racist’ facial identification tech got them fired.
29 ITV (2021), Uber drivers claim they were fired after company's identification software failed to
recognise their faces.
30 Joint Council for the Welfare of immigrants (2020), We won!

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NOTE VERBALE DATED 21 MARCH 2013 FROM THE PERMANENT MISSION OF TURKEY TO THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT GENEVA ADDRESSED TO THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Another unacceptable and unjustified behaviour of the Greek Cypriot side which
occurred during the reporting period, particularly October 2012, involves the difficulties
created by the Greek Cypriot police to the drivers of Turkish Cypriot commercial vehicles
A/HRC/22/G/20
6 GE.13-12740
(taxis and rent-a-cars) while they were travelling in South Cyprus, usually transferring
tourists to and from airports in the South. According to the testimonies of the members of
the Turkish Cypriot Tourism and Travel Agents Union, TRNC Rent-a-car Companies’
Union, Turkish Cypriot United Taxi Drivers’ Union and Hoteliers’ Union, the Greek
Cypriot policemen started stopping the TRNC registered cars almost every time they are
spotted and, instead of routine traffic checks, they did their utmost to create difficulties,
intimidate the drivers and their passengers, and go as far as fining the drivers on grounds of
not wearing seat belts, despite the fact that they could clearly see that the seat belts of both
the drivers and passengers were on. (...) Moreover, it is the testimony of these drivers as well as
others that, upon their objections the Greek Cypriot policeman told them that “We will
continue with these fines until we get back the money paid by our three policemen to your
authorities”, referring to the provocative incident created in the Turkish Cypriot village of
Akıncılar in September 2012 by Greek Cypriot policemen who violated the UN buffer
zone and the territory of the TRNC unlawfully in pursuit of a Turkish Cypriot vehicle for
alleged traffic offenses and who were arrested by Turkish Cypriot police.

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PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF ALL HUMAN RIGHTS, CIVIL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT : WRITTEN SUBMISSION BY THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE PHILIPPINES : NOTE / BY THE SECRETARIAT
In a recent Systematic Literature Review on Drivers of Violence affecting Children
in the Philippines (2015), migration has been identified as one of the drivers of physical,
sexual and emotional violence against children.
3. (...) A/HRC/34/NI/9
3
Alcohol Use is a Primary Driver of Violence in the Home
4. “There are existing laws that prohibit the sale of alcohol without a permit issued by
the local government. (...) However, this program needs to be enhanced with prevention
of VAC since the Systematic Literature Review on Drivers of Violence affecting Children
in the Philippines (2015) noted that alcohol use is a primary driver of violence in the
home.”3
Information and Communications technology have changed the
opportunity, scale, form and impact of exploitation and violence.
5.
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PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS - STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1: TO IMPROVE THE CONDITION OF AFFECTED ECOSYSTEMS, COMBAT DESERTIFICATION/LAND DEGRADATION, PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT AND CONTRIBUTE TO LAND DEGRADATION NEUTRALITY. NOTE BY THE SECRETARIAT
Land cover tables
Table 1
Distribution of land cover stocks (km2) and percentage over global and regionally
reported land areas as of 2015
Tree-covered areas Grassland Cropland Wetland
Artificial
surfaces
Other land
Region
Area
(1000s
km2) Percentage
Area
(1000s
km2)
Per-
centage
Area
(1000s
km2)
Per-
centage
Area
(1000s
km2)
Per-
centage
Area
(1000s
km2)
Per-
centage
Area
(1000s
km2)
Per-
centage
Africa 5 892 23.9 6 334 25.7 4 013 16.3 369 1.5 67 0.3 7 948 32.3
Asia 4 285 19.3 6 080 27.4 4 577 20.6 369 1.7 268 1.2 6 633 29.9
LAC 8 805 44.6 6 250 31.6 3 286 16.6 605 3.1 78 0.4 737 3.7
NMED 523 28.6 292 16.0 913 49.9 9 0.5 46 2.5 47 2.5
CEE 8 362 47.7 1 039 5.9 2 113 12.1 2 285 13.1 192 1.1 3 521 20.1
Global 28 192 32.4 20 134 23.1 15 426 17.7 3 643 4.2 692 0.8 18 896 21.7
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
1
9
Table 2
Cumulative change in land area and as percentage of original area for different land cover classes from 2000−2015
Region
name
Tree-covered areas Grassland Cropland Wetland Artificial surfaces Other land
Year
Net area
change
(km2 1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2 1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2 1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2 1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2 1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2 1000s)
Percent
change
Africa
2005 21 0.4 -70 -1.1 61 1.6 2 0.7 7 15.5 -11 -0.1
2010 7 0.1 -132 -2.0 120 3.1 3 1.0 14 30.8 0 0.0
2015 -4 -0.1 -183 -2.8 133 3.4 5 1.5 23 51.6 47 0.6
Asia
2005 -6 -0.1 16 0.3 84 2.0 4 1.0 16 7.9 -103 -1.5
2010 -11 -0.3 -342 -5.5 215 5.1 18 5.4 40 20.0 77 1.1
2015 24 0.6 -186 -3.0 352 8.3 34 10.0 69 34.4 -290 -4.2
LAC
2005 -171 -1.9 43 0.7 106 3.4 4 0.7 9 16.7 0 0.0
2010 -210 -2.3 48 0.8 134 4.2 6 1.0 16 31.7 -1 -0.2
2015 -270 -3.0 77 1.3 136 4.3 8 1.3 26 50.4 24 3.4
NMED
2005 6 1.1 -3 -0.8 -8 -0.9 0 1.1 7 22.2 -2 -3.0
2010 14 2.7 -6 -2.1 -16 -1.7 0 2.1 11 34.9 -3 -5.5
2015 15 2.9 -8 -2.5 -19 -2.0 0 2.6 15 48.6 -4 -7.5
CEE
2005 10 0.1 -1 -0.1 -12 -0.6 0 0.0 7 4.4 -2 -0.1
2010 198 2.4 -3 -0.3 -12 -0.6 -2 -0.1 17 10.1 -2 -0.1
2015 198 2.4 1 0.1 -14 -0.7 16 0.7 22 13.3 -10 -0.3
Global
2005 -142 -0.5 -15 -0.1 222 1.5 10 0.3 56 10.6 -118 -0.6
2010 -2 0.0 -436 -2.1 430 2.9 26 0.7 110 21.0 71 0.4
2015 -35 -0.1 -301 -1.5 575 3.9 63 1.7 168 32.2 -233 -1.2
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
2
0
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
Table 3
Land area converted from natural vegetation land cover classes (natural land losses) and converted to natural land cover classes (natural
land gains) as well as transitions between other classes (other transitions) as net area change (km2 1000s) and percent change between
2000 and 2015
Region
Land cover
transition
Tree-covered
areas
Grassland Cropland Wetland Artificial surfaces Other land Total
Net area
change
(km2
1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2
1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2
1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2
1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change (km2
1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2
1000s)
Percent
change
Net area
change
(km2
1000s)
Percent
change
Africa
Natural land
losses
- - - - 231.0 1.8 - - 8.9 0.1 113.3 0.9 353.1 2.8
Natural land gains 56.5 0.4 136.1 1.1 - - 7.1 0.1 - - - - 199.7 1.6
Asia
Natural land
losses
- - - - 288.4 2.7 - - 22.2 0.2 256.3 2.4 566.9 5.2
Natural land gains 135.1 1.2 446.2 4.1 - - 15.4 0.1 - - - - 596.7 5.5
LAC
Natural land
losses
- - - - 266.0 1.7 - - 11.3 0.1 6.6 0.0 283.8 1.8
Natural land gains 66.4 0.4 52.2 0.3 - - 1.6 0.0 - - - - 120.2 0.8
NMED
Natural land
losses
- - - - 8.7 1.1 - - 2.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 11.4 1.4
Natural land gains 17.6 2.1 1.4 0.2 - - 0.0 0.0 - - - - 19.0 2.3
CEE
Natural land
losses
- - - - 4.8 0.0 - - 0.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 6.4 0.1
Natural land gains 11.1 0.1 10.1 0.1 - - 0.7 0.0 - - - - 22.0 0.2
Global
Natural land
losses
- - - - 803.9 1.5 - - 48.2 0.1 377.2 0.7 1 229.3 2.4
Natural land gains 292.8 0.6 647.1 1.2 - - 24.9 0.0 - - - - 964.8 1.8
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
ICCD/CRIC(17)/2
GE.18-22319 21
Table 4
Critical land cover transitions by different regions and globally between 2000 and
2015
Region Transition class
Area
(km2 1000s)
Percent
initial area
Africa Conversion from tree-covered areas to other land types (deforestation) 172.2 2.9
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to artificial areas 18.4 0.1
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to other land 117.2 0.7
Conversion from cropland to natural vegetated land 71.2 1.8
Conversion from other land types to tree-covered areas 163.6 0.9
Asia Conversion from tree-covered areas to other land types (deforestation) 270.8 6.4
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to artificial areas 59.9 0.4
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to other land 385.1 2.6
Conversion from cropland to natural vegetated land 141.1 3.3
Conversion from other land types to tree-covered areas 409.9 2.3
LAC Conversion from tree-covered areas to other land types (deforestation) 447.3 4.9
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to artificial areas 26.2 0.1
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to other land 7.1 0.0
Conversion from cropland to natural vegetated land 111.3 3.5
Conversion from other land types to tree-covered areas 217.7 2.0
NMED Conversion from tree-covered areas to other land types (deforestation) 8.1 1.6
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to artificial areas 10.9 0.6
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to other land 0.4 0.0
Conversion from cropland to natural vegetated land 18.3 2.0
Conversion from other land types to tree-covered areas 21.4 1.6
CEE Conversion from tree-covered areas to other land types (deforestation) 6.5 0.1
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to artificial areas 14.3 0.1
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to other land 0.8 0.0
Conversion from cropland to natural vegetated land 12.8 0.6
Conversion from other land types to tree-covered areas 15.3 0.2
Global Conversion from tree-covered areas to other land types (deforestation) 911.1 3.2
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to artificial areas 143.2 0.2
Conversion from natural and semi-natural vegetated land to other land 510.7 0.8
Conversion from cropland to natural vegetated land 361.5 2.4
Conversion from other land types to tree-covered areas 835.4 1.4
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
ICCD/CRIC(17)/2
22 GE.18-22319
Table 5
Area change (km2 1000s) from initial land cover classes (rows) to final land cover
classes (columns) between 2000 and 2015 for different regions
Region
name Land cover
Tree-covered
areas
(km2 1000s)
Grassland
(km2 1000s)
Cropland (km2
1000s)
Wetland
(km2 1000s)
Artificial
surfaces
(km2 1000s)
Other land
(km2 1000s)
Africa Tree-covered areas 5 652.9 79.8 83.0 2.4 5.4 1.6
Grassland 105.6 5 271.8 146.8 1.0 3.2 106.1
Cropland 49.4 15.9 3 472.0 6.0 9.4 3.9
Wetland 1.5 0.8 1.2 341.6 0.3 5.6
Artificial surfaces 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 26.5 2.0
Other land 7.0 120.1 7.8 1.0 5.0 7 754.5
Asia Tree-covered areas 2 379.3 109.3 106.9 9.1 7.8 37.8
Grassland 270.8 4 920.0 174.9 40.4 13.3 211.2
Cropland 79.8 55.4 3 050.6 5.9 37.7 128.8
Wetland 3.9 31.9 6.6 169.1 1.0 7.3
Artificial surfaces 5.4 2.5 15.8 1.3 110.5 5.5
Other land 49.9 388.3 301.3 8.1 20.1 3 021.0
LAC Tree-covered areas 7 547.5 226.8 167.1 50.5 2.4 0.6
Grassland 112.0 5 460.1 96.7 2.9 8.2 5.8
Cropland 66.1 44.0 2 926.0 1.2 14.9 0.5
Wetland 39.3 51.4 2.2 479.9 0.8 0.2
Artificial surfaces 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.0 43.6 0.0
Other land 0.2 7.9 0.6 0.4 0.4 254.8
NMED Tree-covered areas 458.2 1.6 5.1 0.1 1.1 0.1
Grassland 3.8 272.9 3.6 0.0 1.3 0.1
Cropland 17.4 0.9 880.1 0.0 8.5 0.2
Wetland 0.1 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.1 0.0
Artificial surfaces 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.7 0.0
Other land 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.0 3.2 46.0
CEE Tree-covered areas 337.2 1.3 4.0 0.2 0.4 0.5
Grassland 4.1 58.8 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.3
Cropland 10.7 1.8 694.5 0.2 13.5 0.0
Wetland 0.0 0.2 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0
Artificial surfaces 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 21.0 0.0
Other land 0.4 8.3 0.7 0.5 0.0 2.9
Global Tree-covered areas 16 691.0 420.9 369.0 62.3 18.1 40.8
Grassland 497.7 16 120.9 424.7 44.8 27.9 323.4
Cropland 229.0 119.0 11 543.4 13.5 95.0 133.5
Wetland 45.0 84.4 10.1 1 006.4 2.2 13.0
Artificial surfaces 5.6 3.0 16.7 1.4 254.9 7.6
Other land 58.2 525.1 310.9 10.0 28.6 11 088.9
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
2
3
Table 6
Number of times direct drivers were attributed to land cover class transition by regions
Region Deforestation
Over-
grazing
Improper
management
of annual,
perennial,
scrub and
tree crops
Improper
soil
management Urbanization
Overexploitation
of vegetation for
domestic use
Release of
airborne
pollutants Discharges
Disturbance
of the water
cycle
Industrial
activities
Any
other
Africa 44 29 38 37 30 39 2 6 7 12 45
Asia 27 4 17 8 17 18 - 2 5 9 29
LAC 20 5 8 15 13 5 3 1 6 4 23
NMED 1 - 4 2 8 - - - - 3 2
CEE 9 - 7 1 7 - - 2 - 4 5
Global 102 38 76 63 76 62 5 11 18 32 106
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
Table 7
Number of times direct drivers were attributed to land cover transition by initial land cover class
From
Area
(km2
1000s) Deforestation
Over-
grazing
Improper
management
of annual,
perennial,
scrub and
tree crops
Improper
soil
management Urbanization
Over-
exploitation
of vegetation
for domestic
use
Release
of
airborne
pollutants Discharges
Disturbance
of the water
cycle
Industrial
activities
Any
other
Tree-covered
areas
674 90 11 34 22 21 37 2 2 6 12 22
Grassland 1 161 6 23 16 18 15 19 1 3 3 3 35
Cropland 438 4 3 18 19 27 5 2 4 4 12 30
Wetland 8 1 - 3 3 5 1 - 1 4 2 4
Artificial
surfaces
4 - - - - 1 - - - - - -
Other land 655 - 1 3 1 6 - - 1 1 3 15
Total 2 940 102 38 76 63 76 62 5 11 18 32 106
ICCD/CRIC(17)/2
24 GE.18-22319
Table 8
Number of times indirect drivers were attributed to land cover transition across
regions
Region
Population
pressure
Governance,
institutional
settings and
policies
Education,
access to
knowledge
and support
services Land tenure
Labour
availability Poverty
War and
conflict Any other
Africa 91 40 47 61 11 55 21 24
Asia 31 19 8 19 6 25 - 13
LAC 21 14 8 22 4 16 - 18
NMED 11 2 - 3 1 4 - -
CEE 8 4 3 11 4 2 - 7
Global 165 79 66 118 26 102 21 62
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
Table 9
The number of times indirect drivers were attributed to land cover transition by
initial land cover class
Land cover
Area
(km2
1000s)
Population
pressure
Governance,
institutional
settings and
policies
Education,
access to
knowledge
and
support
services
Land
tenure
Labour
availability Poverty
War and
conflict
Any
other
Tree-covered areas 727 73 22 20 59 8 51 8 22
Grassland 1 178 44 21 17 33 3 24 4 17
Cropland 439 30 25 20 23 10 19 7 11
Wetland 8 6 5 4 2 - 3 1 5
Artificial surfaces 3 - - - - - 1 - -
Other land 577 10 6 5 1 5 4 1 6
Total 2 934 165 79 66 118 26 102 21 62
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
2
5
B. (...) Land productivity tables
Table 10
Land productivity dynamics (LPD) for static land cover classes of each LPD class across different regions as area (km2) and as percentage of initial
area
Declining Stressed Stable or increasing No data
Region Land cover
Area (km2
1000s) Percentage
Area (km2
1000s) Percentage
Area (km2
1000s) Percentage
Area (km2
1000s) Percentage
Africa Tree-covered areas 318.9 5.4 489.8 8.3 5 054.8 86.0 14.7 0.2
Grassland 922.6 14.8 524.8 8.4 4 603.1 74.1 163.5 2.6
Cropland 498.3 12.9 365.7 9.5 2 980.9 77.2 18.9 0.5
Wetland 18.6 5.3 18.4 5.2 283.9 80.5 31.9 9.0
Total 1 758.3 10.8 1 398.7 8.6 12 922.8 79.2 228.9 1.4
Asia Tree-covered areas 361.6 9.8 421.1 11.4 2 893.7 78.3 18.6 0.5
Grassland 628.2 12.7 943.8 19.1 3 311.2 66.9 69.7 1.4
Cropland 180.9 5.3 360.8 10.6 2 829.3 83.2 30.0 0.9
Wetland 23.2 9.1 46.8 18.3 160.2 62.8 24.8 9.7
Total 1 193.8 9.7 1 772.5 14.4 9 194.4 74.7 143.1 1.2
LAC Tree-covered areas 606.4 7.0 1 022.2 11.8 6 975.7 80.5 56.4 0.7
Grassland 1 188.0 19.5 731.1 12.0 4 034.7 66.3 128.4 2.1
Cropland 647.7 21.0 513.6 16.6 1 913.1 62.0 10.9 0.4
Wetland 52.6 9.6 58.9 10.8 373.9 68.3 61.9 11.3
Total 2 494.7 13.6 2 325.8 12.7 13 297.4 72.4 257.6 1.4
NMED Tree-covered areas 5.7 1.3 40.0 8.9 403.4 89.8 0.3 0.1
Grassland 4.0 1.6 37.5 14.7 212.8 83.5 0.7 0.3
Cropland 20.2 2.3 101.8 11.5 760.8 86.1 1.1 0.1
Wetland 0.1 1.1 1.4 12.0 9.6 81.2 0.7 5.8
Total 30.0 1.9 180.7 11.3 1 386.6 86.7 2.7 0.2
CEE Tree-covered areas 1.1 0.0 6.4 0.1 8 271.4 99.9 3.4 0.0
Grassland 1.8 0.2 2.3 0.2 43.9 4.5 926.1 95.1
Cropland 75.3 3.8 63.6 3.2 1 864.6 92.9 3.0 0.2
Wetland 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 4.7 0.2 2 268.4 99.8
Total 78.2 0.6 72.5 0.5 10 184.6 75.2 3 200.9 23.6
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
3
0
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
Global Tree-covered areas 1 296.3 4.8 1 989.9 7.3 23 862.7 87.6 94.2 0.3
Grassland 2 748.1 14.8 2 248.6 12.1 12 314.2 66.2 1 288.6 6.9
Cropland 1 440.3 10.5 1 433.5 10.4 10 814.8 78.6 64.6 0.5
Wetland 95.3 2.8 125.9 3.7 834.6 24.2 2 387.1 69.3
Total 5 580.0 8.9 5 797.9 9.2 47 826.3 75.9 3 834.5 6.1
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
Table 11
Direct drivers of land productivity dynamics within static land cover classes grouped by region
Region Deforestation Discharges
Disturbance
of the water
cycle
Improper
management
of annual,
perennial and
tree crops
Improper soil
management
Industrial
activities
Over-
exploitation of
vegetation for
domestic use
Over-
grazing
Release of
airborne
pollutants Urbanization
Any
other
Africa 20 2 3 14 11 2 21 8 - 13 15
Asia 4 - - 7 8 2 3 3 - 4 8
LAC 5 - - 1 3 - 7 1 - 3 9
NMED - - - 1 - - - - - - -
CEE - - 3 1 2 - - 1 - 3 10
Global 29 2 6 24 24 4 31 13 - 23 42
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
3
1
Table 12
Direct drivers of land productivity dynamics (LPD) within static land cover classes grouped by LPD trajectory classes
From LPD Area (km2)
Deforesta
tion
Discharge
s
Disturbance
of the water
cycle
Improper
managemen
t of annual,
perennial
and tree
crops
Improper
soil
managemen
t
Industri
al
activitie
s
Over-
exploitation
of
vegetation
for domestic
use
Over-
grazin
g
Release of
airborne
pollutants
Urbanizati
on
Any
other
Tree-
covered
areas
Declinin
g
98 092 5 - 1 - - - 3 1 - 3 3
Stressed 69 460 4 - - - - - - - - 1 2
Other 1 096 395 6 - - 2 1 - 3 - - - 11
Total 1 263 948 15 - 1 2 1 - 6 1 - 4 16
Grass- Declinin
g
192 358 2 - - 2 2 1 4 4 - 2 1
land Stressed 24 031 - - - 1 - - 2 - - - 1
Other 60 358 1 - - 1 - - - 2 - - 5
Total 276 747 3 - - 4 2 1 6 6 - 2 7
Cropland Declinin
g
86 098 1 - 1 6 7 1 2 2 - 3 4
Stressed 53 417 - - 1 1 4 - - - - - 2
Other 694 849 3 - - 4 5 1 8 - - - 8
Total 834 364 4 - 2 11 16 2 10 2 - 3 14
Wetland Declinin
g
965 1 1 2 2 1 - 1 - - 2 -
Stressed 130 1 - - 2 1 - 1 - - 1 -
Other 28 434 - - 1 - - - 1 - - - -
Total 29 530 2 1 3 4 2 - 3 - - 3 -
Total 2 404 588 24 1 6 21 21 3 25 9 - 12 37
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
3
2
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
Table 13
Global land productivity dynamics (LPD) for changing land cover classes between 2000 and 2015 showing net area change (km2) for each land cover
transition, with the area (km2) of each LPD trajectory and the proportion (%) of the LPD trajectory relative to the net area change
Net area
change (km)
Declining Stressed Other
Initial Final Area (km2) Percent Area (km2) Percent
Area
(km2) Percent
Tree-covered areas Grassland 556 807 274 483 49.3 79 999 14.4 202 325 36.3
Cropland 315 176 53 542 17.0 67 779 21.5 193 855 61.5
Wetland 13 851 905 6.5 967 7.0 11 979 86.5
Grassland Tree-covered areas 263 866 35 503 13.5 62 107 23.5 166 255 63.0
Cropland 144 242 29 460 20.4 7 679 5.3 107 103 74.3
Wetland 36 205 3 038 8.4 4 725 13.1 28 441 78.6
Cropland Tree-covered areas 169 109 11 873 7.0 28 659 16.9 128 577 76.0
Grassland 68 968 6 456 9.4 10 377 15.0 52 135 75.6
Wetland 3 541 230 6.5 306 8.6 3 005 84.9
Wetland Tree-covered areas 1 810 67 3.7 181 10.0 1 562 86.3
Grassland 2 349 224 9.5 711 30.2 1 415 60.2
Cropland 2 474 458 18.5 736 29.8 1 280 51.7
Table 14
Direct drivers of land productivity dynamics with changing land cover classes grouped by region
Region Deforestation Discharges
Disturbance
of the water
cycle
Improper
management
of annual,
perennial and
tree crops
Improper soil
management
Industrial
activities
Over-
exploitation of
vegetation for
domestic use
Over-
grazing
Release of
airborne
pollutants Urbanization
Any
other
Africa 20 - 5 18 16 7 19 15 1 14 14
Asia 5 - 3 5 2 4 2 4 - 3 7
LAC 19 - 3 4 4 2 7 5 2 6 10
NMED - - - - - - - - - 2 1
CEE - - - - - 2 - - - 1 -
Global 44 - 11 27 22 15 28 24 3 26 32
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
3
3
Table 15
Direct drivers of land productivity dynamics (LPD) with changing land cover classes grouped by initial land cover class and LPD trajectory classes
From LPD Area (km2)
Deforesta
tion
Dis-
charges
Disturbance
of the water
cycle
Improper
management
of annual,
perennial and
tree crops
Improper
soil
manage-
ment
Indus-
trial
active-
ties
Over-
exploitation
of
vegetation
for domestic
use
Over-
grazin
g
Release of
airborne
pollutants
Urbani-
zation
Any
other
Tree-
covered
areas
Declining 73 894 20 - 1 6 2 5 6 3 - 4 5
Stressed 31 663 12 - 1 5 5 1 4 1 - - 1
Other 12 801 5 - - 1 2 - 2 2 - - 7
Total 118 358 37 - 2 12 9 6 12 6 - 4 13
Grass- Declining 62 374 2 - 1 1 3 1 4 5 - 5 -
land Stressed 63 710 3 - 3 5 2 - 5 8 - 1 1
Other 1 102 558 - - - 2 1 1 1 - 1 - 7
Total 1 228 643 5 - 4 8 6 2 10 13 1 6 8
Cropland Declining 23 512 - - 2 4 5 3 2 2 - 8 1
Stressed 836 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 -
Other 113 032 1 - - 2 1 2 1 - 2 2 6
Total 137 380 1 - 3 7 7 6 4 3 2 11 7
Wetland Declining 1 824 1 - - - - 1 1 1 - 2 -
Other 26 - - 2 - - - - - - - -
Total 1 850 1 - 2 - - 1 1 1 - 2 -
Total 1 486 231 44 - 11 27 22 15 27 23 3 23 28
ICCD/CRIC(17)/2
34 GE.18-22319
Table 16
Regional land productivity dynamics (LPD) for land cover classes that have
undergone change between 2000 and 2015, reported as net area change (km2) for each
land cover transition, with the area (km2) of each LPD trajectory and the proportion
(%) of the LPD trajectory relative to the net area change for the land cover transition
Net area
change
(km)
Declining Stressed Other
Region Initial Final
Area
(km2) Percent
Area
(km2) Percent
Area
(km2) Percent
Africa Tree-covered
areas
Grassland 55 195 9 893 17.9 4 360 7.9 40 942 74.2
Cropland 87 481 11 281 12.9 6 300 7.2 69 900 79.9
Wetland 1 646 79 4.8 66 4.0 1 501 91.2
Grassland Tree-covered areas 52 441 8 277 15.8 1 867 3.6 42 296 80.7
Cropland 47 678 18 106 38.0 3 875 8.1 25 698 53.9
Wetland 488 68 13.8 14 2.8 407 83.3
Cropland Tree-covered areas 79 225 5 902 7.4 10 518 13.3 62 805 79.3
Grassland 6 018 1 054 17.5 311 5.2 4 652 77.3
Wetland 1 762 98 5.5 92 5.2 1 573 89.3
Wetland Tree-covered areas 103 3 2.4 3 2.5 98 95.1
Grassland 14 0 0.0 0 2.0 14 98.0
Cropland 30 10 33.8 1 2.6 19 63.5
Asia Tree-covered
areas
Grassland 112 493 15 677 13.9 21 186 18.8 75 630 67.2
Cropland 50 234 5 101 10.2 9 515 18.9 35 618 70.9
Wetland 2 894 55 1.9 58 2.0 2 781 96.1
Grassland Tree-covered areas 152 689 20 285 13.3 33 929 22.2 98 474 64.5
Cropland 74 302 2 616 3.5 3 377 4.5 68 309 91.9
Wetland 35 697 2 967 8.3 4 711 13.2 28 018 78.5
Cropland Tree-covered areas 54 584 3 081 5.6 5 154 9.4 46 348 84.9
Grassland 51 376 3 259 6.3 6 159 12.0 41 959 81.7
Wetland 1 459 74 5.0 212 14.5 1 174 80.4
Wetland Tree-covered areas 308 6 1.9 31 10.1 271 88.0
Grassland 1 333 58 4.4 107 8.0 1 167 87.6
Cropland 1 774 255 14.4 440 24.8 1 080 60.8
LAC Tree-covered
areas
Grassland 385 829 248 155 64.3 54 312 14.1 83 362 21.6
Cropland 167 912 36 770 21.9 51 206 30.5 79 937 47.6
Wetland 9 138 767 8.4 827 9.0 7 545 82.6
Grassland Tree-covered areas 55 594 6 938 12.5 26 298 47.3 22 358 40.2
Cropland 22 214 8 732 39.3 406 1.8 13 076 58.9
Wetland 20 3 16.3 0 0.9 16 82.8
Cropland Tree-covered areas 29 726 2 881 9.7 12 951 43.6 13 895 46.7
Grassland 10 635 2 119 19.9 3 817 35.9 4 699 44.2
Wetland 127 58 46.0 2 1.5 66 52.4
Wetland Tree-covered areas 1 397 59 4.2 147 10.5 1 190 85.2
Grassland 1 003 165 16.5 603 60.2 234 23.4
Cropland 669 193 28.9 295 44.1 181 27.0
NMED Tree-covered
areas
Grassland 25 6 24.0 6 24.0 13 52.0
Cropland 2 534 166 6.6 290 11.4 2 078 82.0
Cropland Grassland 853 23 2.7 89 10.4 741 86.9
ICCD/CRIC(17)/2
GE.18-22319 35
CEE Tree-covered
areas
Grassland 886 43 4.9 35 4.0 807 91.2
Cropland 4 064 132 3.2 241 5.9 3 691 90.8
Wetland 173 4 2.3 16 9.1 153 88.5
Grassland Tree-covered areas 3 143 4 0.1 13 0.4 3 126 99.5
Cropland 48 6 12.6 21 44.5 20 42.9
Cropland Tree-covered areas 5 573 9 0.2 36 0.6 5 528 99.2
Grassland 86 2 1.7 1 1.2 84 97.1
Wetland 192 0 0.2 0 0.2 192 99.7
Wetland Tree-covered areas 2 0 0.0 0 8.9 2 91.1
Notes: LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NMED = Northern Mediterranean; CEE = Central and Eastern Europe
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
3
6
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
B. (...) Carbon stocks tables
Table 17
Direct drivers of soil organic carbon change with static land cover classes
From Area Deforestation
Over-
grazing
Improper
management
of annual,
perennial,
scrub and
tree crops
Improper
soil
management Urbanization
Over-
exploitation
of vegetation
for domestic
use Discharges
Disturbance
of the water
cycle
Industrial
activities
Any
other
Tree-covered
areas
199
735
3 - 2 2 - - - - 1 4
Grassland
1 055
267
3 7 7 4 3 5 - 1 1 3
Cropland
1 039
480
4 - 1 4 2 2 - 2 - 7
Wetland
533
015
2 - 4 1 - - - - - 1
Artificial
surfaces
74 403 2 - - 1 4 1 1 - 4 -
Other land
202
131
- 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 -
Total
3 104
030
14 8 15 12 10 9 1 3 7 15
IC
C
D
/C
R
IC
(1
7
)/2
G
E
.1
8
-2
2
3
1
9
4
1
Table 18
Indirect drivers of soil organic carbon change with static land cover classes
From Area
Population
pressure Poverty
Governance,
institutional
settings and
policies
Labour
availability
Land
tenure
Education, access
to knowledge and
support services
War and
conflict Any other
Tree-covered areas 199 735 2 2 1 1 3 1 - 2
Grassland 1 055 267 2 1 2 1 - 1 1 2
Cropland 1 039 480 4 2 3 3 1 2 1 1
Wetland 533 015 3 1 - - 1 - - 1
Artificial surfaces 74 403 3 - - - 2 - - 2
Other land 202 131 - - - - - - - -
Total 3 104 030 14 6 6 5 7 4 2 8
Table 19
Direct drivers of soil organic carbon change with changing land cover classes
From To Area
De-
forestation
Over-
grazing
Improper
management
of annual,
perennial,
scrub and
tree crops
Improper
soil
manage-
ment
Urbani-
zation
Over-
exploitation
of vegetation
for domestic
use
Release of
airborne
pollutants
Dis-
charges
Distur-
bance of
the water

语言:中文
得分: 1071708.2
-
https://daccess-ods.un.org/acc...open&DS=ICCD/CRIC(17)/2&Lang=C
数据资源: ods
REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON EXTRAJUDICIAL, SUMMARY OR ARBITRARY EXECUTIONS, PHILIP ALSTON :ADDENDUM
The focus of the violence has been on
bus drivers in the capital. In 2008, 165 drivers and 12 co-pilots were assassinated. The deaths
of 5 drivers were reported in the first two weeks of 2009 alone. These assassinations are
attributed to the maras, who extort money from bus drivers, sometimes on a daily basis. If the
money is not paid, the driver and/or the assistant are assassinated.
语言:中文
得分: 1065026.6
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https://daccess-ods.un.org/acc...pen&DS=A/HRC/11/2/ADD.7&Lang=C
数据资源: ods
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT FOLLOWING THE ADOPTION OF THE STRATEGIC APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT: TRACKING PROGRESS, PROMOTING IMPLEMENTATION AND FOLLOW-UP
One proposal for the paper was that it would identify drivers
to meet targets, propose incentives for stakeholders to meet targets early and identify challenges
that might keep targets from being met.
(...) SAICM/PREPCOM.3/INF/6
9
Drivers, incentives and obstacles to implementation of SAICM
Section V of the Thought-Starter5 prepared by the IFCS Forum IV for SAICM PrepCom 1 identified
gaps in chemical safety at present, and Section V.E identified ‘obstacles and enablers’ of chemical
safety. (...) most of the answers would relate to the drivers, incentives and obstacles at national
level; as already noted, that is where the major responsibility for implementation essentially rests.
语言:中文
得分: 1057988.8
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daccess-ods.un.org/acce...S=SAICM/PREPCOM.3/INF/6&Lang=C
数据资源: ods
DRAFT RESOLUTION, SPONSORED BY RUSSIAN FEDERATION, CO-SPONSORED BY CHINA, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) AND PAKISTAN: ADOPTION OF THE REGIONAL COOPERATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE FACILITATION OF INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Developing human resources for cross-border railway operations
Visas for crews and drivers. The cross-border movement of
trains also requires the railway employees of one country to travel to
another country. (...) A common system of training
for drivers — with a common set of rules and regulations — could
facilitate the interoperability of drivers. Mutually recognized
authorization/certification may be issued by national railways and be
acceptable to other railways in the region based on pre-agreed
common training of drivers. This will ensure that the driver is aware
of the operational route, including speed restrictions, signalling
systems and emergency procedures.
语言:中文
得分: 1053288.6
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daccess-ods.un.org/acce...open&DS=E/ESCAP/71/L.15&Lang=C
数据资源: ods
ADOPTION OF THE REGIONAL COOPERATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE FACILITATION OF INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT : RESOLUTION / ADOPTED BY THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Developing human resources for cross-border railway operations
Visas for crews and drivers. The cross-border movement of
trains also requires the railway employees of one country to travel to
another country. (...) A common system of training
for drivers — with a common set of rules and regulations — could
facilitate the interoperability of drivers. Mutually recognized
authorization/certification may be issued by national railways and be
acceptable to other railways in the region based on pre-agreed
common training of drivers. This will ensure that the driver is aware
of the operational route, including speed restrictions, signalling
systems and emergency procedures.
语言:中文
得分: 1053288.6
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daccess-ods.un.org/acce...pen&DS=E/ESCAP/RES/71/7&Lang=C
数据资源: ods