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Another element that significantly affects access to water and sanitation is the traditional dwelling, the ger. A ger is a portable roundhouse covered by felt. It is a unique dwelling that reflects the way that the nomadic population of Mongolia lives. (...) Of course, gradual improvements of the conditions in the ger areas are compatible with the principle of the progressive realization of human rights, but the Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize that improvements could be accelerated and upgraded in the current plans and efforts.

It should be noted that the Office of the Under-Secretary considered the following situations to constitute a “shortage of adequate housing”: households living in unsafe dwellings that may or may not be suitable for renovation, households living in overcrowded rooms in safe dwellings, or overcrowded households – i.e. more than one household per dwelling. 4 Ibid. In line with the wording used in the census, occupants in an “irregular” situation include owners of the housing only, occupants of loaned housing, and de facto occupants. (...) The State must pay compensation in cash, in line with the valuation by the National Valuation Tribunal. 15 Under the Act, in order to benefit from the scheme, a person has to prove that he/she occupied the dwelling publicly, peacefully and continuously for three years prior to 1 January 1992, and must demonstrate legitimate cause. (...) The Special Rapporteur observed that, in response to the country’s many and diverse housing needs, the system of funding for housing policies is based only on the production of finished dwellings and home improvements. The Special Rapporteur also notes the lack of an analytical framework for identifying the various approaches to urbanization and their policy requirements.

With the assistance of a crisis centre, Sahar took the case to court and won the right to live at her in-laws’ dwelling. However, her return was not well received; she is ignored by her in-laws and deprived of food and a plot of land to work on. (...) Nonetheless, in such cases, the actual owner must ask any holder of a propiska in his/her dwelling for authorization to sell and find a mutual agreement. (...) She submitted a claim to the court to obtain the right to live at her 53 The Ministry of Internal Affairs will only register a residency provided the actual owner of the dwelling and all other adults who are registered ther

Public sector investments in agricultural research and extension E/CN.4/2004/10/Add.1 Page 10 and improvements in small-scale irrigation, have led to substantial increases in wheat and Boro rice production. (...) Shelters E/CN.4/2004/10/Add.1 Page 15 have been constructed in many areas and the Special Rapporteur saw instructions for their use painted on the walls of one slum dwelling of Dhaka, a positive element in raising awareness and reducing the loss of life during disasters. 31. (...) The Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project (BINP) which operated from 1996 to 2003 in cooperation with the NGO BRAC, has resulted in important improvements in the nutritional status of young children and mothers in 59 out of 464 upazilas where it has been piloted.

Prior to 1991, occupants of socially owned dwellings had very strongly protected tenancy rights (better known as occupancy tenancy rights or OTR), including the right to live in their dwelling indefinitely and to transfer this right to direct family members. (...) Annex G to the agreement stresses that dwelling rights shall be applied equally to all persons who were citizens of the former Yugoslavia.

., the number of individuals and households who do not have a dwelling or live in a dwelling that does not meet minimum health and safety requirements. 12. (...) Persons belonging to the above categories are eligible for public housing if: (a) They do not own a house in the territory of the Republic; (b) They have not already obtained a house through the State Housing Fund; (c) They live in a dilapidated dwelling that does not meet sanitary and technical requirements; (d) They share a dwelling with two or more families; (e) They share the living space with a person suffering from a chronic disease. 29. (...) One of the most controversial measures taken by the Government is the decision to provide shareholders with no more than one apartment within the housing complex, regardless of the number of apartments purchased, in order to ensure that all those who invested in shared construction receive at least one dwelling for themselves and their families.13 The legality of this measure, which has the aim of guaranteeing the stability of the mortgage market and protecting the rights of shareholders in housing constructions, was upheld by the Esilskiy District Court of Astana (decision No. 2-947/10 of 5 May 2010). __________ 12 See “Kazakhstan/Kyrgyzstan: Exploitation of migrant workers, protection denied to asylum seekers and refugees”, International Federation for Human Rights, press release, October 2009. 13 Government Decree No. 277 of 1 April 2010.

A total of 85 per cent of the richest quarter of society live in a dwelling that they own, and less than half pay mortgages. (...) Residents also stated that they faced discrimination based on their address when looking for employment. __________ 23 Better Dwelling, “Vacant homes are a global epidemic, and Paris is fighting it with a 60% tax”. 2 March 2017. 24 Short Term Rentalz, “Paris family exodus attributed to Airbnb”, 10 July 2019. 25 See Building and Housing Code, arts.

-Focus-Housing_EN.pdf. 52 Eurostat, “Housing cost overburden rate by tenure status – EU-SILC survey” (2018). 53 Submission from Amnesty International, available from www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Poverty/VisitSpainSubmissions/31_Amnesty_International.docx p. 4; David López-Rodríguez y María de los Llanos Matea, “Evolución reciente del mercado del alquiler de vivienda en España”, Banco de España Boletin Economico, (August 2019), p. 6. 54 OHCHR, “States and real estate private equity firms questioned for compliance with human rights”, March 26, 2019. 55 Figures from 2006–2012 available from https://bit.ly/2S2DoBo; figures from 2013–2018 available from https://bit.ly/382hT95 (in Spanish). 56 National Institute of Statistics, “Households, by tenancy regime of the dwelling, and age and sex of the reference person”. 57 Housing Europe, “The State of Housing in the EU, 2019” (October 2019), available from www.housingeurope.eu/resource-1323/the-state-of-housing-in-the-eu-2019. 58 Ministerio de Fomento, “Vivienda protegida, series annual, (1.5) número de calificaciones definitivas: planes estatales” (2019), available from https://apps.fomento.gob.es/BoletinOnline2/sedal/ 31305000.XLS (in Spanish). (...) Furthermore, almost 10 per cent of the population could not afford to keep their dwelling at an adequate temperature in 2018 – people are obliged to choose between heating their homes and feeding their children.

The Working Group welcomes the improvements in the political representation of women resulting from the adoption of the Electoral Code in 2011, which requires that at least 35 per cent of candidates of either sex are represented in political party lists in proportional elections at the European, national and local levels.

In article 2 of the Framework Act on Residence (2015), it states that “people have the right to live a decent residential life in a pleasant and stable dwelling environment, protected against any physical or social danger”.5 It further specifies that people’s housing expenses shall be maintained at affordable levels through housing supply and subsidization according to income levels and life cycle, and that housing standards for low-income and other disadvantaged groups shall be elevated by giving them priority in supply and expense subsidization. (...) According to article 2 of the Act on Support for Welfare and Self-Reliance of the Homeless,28 persons living in homelessness are defined broadly to include those who have lived without a permanent abode or who have slept in a shelter for a substantial period, as well as persons who live in a dwelling that is considered uninhabitable. Despite this inclusive definition, statistics gathered in 2016 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare counted only those sleeping rough or in homeless shelters, amounting to 11,340 people.29 49.