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In order to address these adequately, there is clearly a need to identify effective, equitable and evidence-based policies which are respectful towards individual autonomy, privacy, dignity and well-being and that are non- discriminatory. (...) Poland, held in March 2007 that Poland had violated Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life) of the European Convention on Human Rights as it failed to establish an effective procedure through which Ms. Tysiąc could have appealed her doctors’ refusal to grant her request for abortion.26 41. (...) Tysiąc, it has not yet fully implemented the Court’s decision by instituting effective mechanisms and procedures to ensure a woman’s access to a legal abortion.

The next two decades represent a critical juncture for the country to achieve two key and interrelated objectives: the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and the effective realization of the right to health of its population. (...) The Special Rapporteur trusts that the new law will soon be adopted so as to guarantee equality, non-discrimination, effective participation and accountability in the enjoyment of the right to health. 17. (...) To date, Algeria has not ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention on a communications procedure, which would allow individuals effective access to justice and redress for violations of their rights. 78.

, Addiction, No. 105 (2010)； “The contribution of illicit drug use to the burden of disease”, Mental and Neurological Public Health (Academic Press, New York, 2010)； “Ethical issues in addiction research”, in Addiction Research Methods (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2010) ； “Challenges in reducing cannabis-related harm in Australia”, Drug and Alcohol Review, No. 28 (2009)； “Can opioid dependent persons give free and informed consent to opioid agonist maintenance treatment?”, International Journal of Drug Policy, No. 19 (2008)； “Regulating opioid prescribing to provide access to effective treatment while minimising diversion： an overdue topic for research”, Addiction, No. 102 (2007)； “Cannabis use and the mental health of young people”, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, No. 40 (2006)。

__________________ * E/CN.7/2006/1。 Cannabis 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Opioids 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Cocaine 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Amphetamine-type stimulants 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable 大麻 类阿片 可卡因 苯丙胺类兴奋剂 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 2 E/CN.7/2006/2/Corr.1 2. (...) 注：国家趋势估计数已按人口规模进行加权计算。 Cannabis 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Opioids 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Cocaine 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Amphetamine-type stimulants 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable 大麻 类阿片 可卡因 苯丙胺类兴奋剂 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定

注：国家趋势估计数已按人口规模进行加权计算。 Cannabis 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Opioids 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Cocaine 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Amphetamine-type stimulants 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable 大麻 类阿片 可卡因 苯丙胺类兴奋剂 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 E/CN.7/2006/2 11 E. (...) 注：国家趋势估计数已按人口规模进行加权计算。 Cannabis 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Opioids 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Cocaine 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Amphetamine-type stimulants 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable 大麻 可卡因 类阿片 苯丙胺类兴奋剂 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 E/CN.7/2006/2 16 2. (...) 注：国家趋势估计数已按人口规模进行加权计算。 Cannabis 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Opioids 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Cocaine 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable Amphetamine-type stimulants 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Increasing Stable 大麻 可卡因 苯丙胺类兴奋剂 类阿片 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 上升 稳定 E/CN.7/2006/2 17 H.

0 150,000 300,000 450,000 600,000 750,000 900,000 1,050,000 1,200,000 1,350,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 7 2 0 1 8 2 0 1 9 缉 获 数 缉 获 量 （ 吨 ） Estimated additional quantities of cannabis herb and resin seized by non-reporting countries in 2019 Quantities of cannabis herb seized (as reported) Quantities of cannabis resin seized (as reported) Estimated additional quantities of cannabis herb and resin seized by non-reporting countries, excluding North America, in 2019 Quantities of cannabis herb and resin seized, excluding North America (as reported) Number of cannabis herb and resin seizures (as reported) Estimated number of global cannabis seizures (including estimated additional seizures) 大麻脂缉获量（据报告） 大麻药草缉获量（据报告） 估计2019年未报告国家的额外大麻药草和大麻脂缉获量 除北美外的大麻药草和大麻脂缉获量（据报告） 估计2019年除北美外的未报告国家的额外大麻药草和大麻脂缉获量 大麻药草和大麻脂缉获数（据报告） 估计全球大麻脂缉获数（包括估计的额外缉获） E/CN.7/2022/5 V.21-09773 8/27 图五 2009-2019年全球大麻药草缉获量和报告的大麻药草贩运趋势 来源：《2021年世界毒品问题报告》（数据基于对年度报告调查表的答复）。

“Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: An integrative analysis”, Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 286-293; Smith, J.L., Mattick, R.P., Jamadar, S.D. and Iredale, J.M. (2014年——2014年8月15日接受). (...) (2012), “Compulsory detention, forced detoxification and enforced labour are not ethically acceptable or effective ways to treat addiction (Editorial)”. Addiction, 107(11), 1891-1893; Obot, I.S. (2012), “Developing countries ignore drinking and driving problems at their own peril: Commentary on Pechansky and Chandran: Why don’t Northern hemisphere solutions to drunk driving work in Southern America?” (...) 部分著作 Morefield, K.M., Keane, M., Felgate, P., White, J.M. and Irvine, R.J., “Pill content, dose and resulting plasma concentrations of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in recreational ‘ecstasy’ users”, Addiction (2011), 106:1293-1300 (IF 4.95); McGregor, C., Srisurapanont, M., Jittiwutikarn, J., Laobhripatr, S., Wongtan, T. and White, J.M., “The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawals”, Addiction (2005), 100:1320-1329 (IF 4.95); Dyer, K.R., Foster, D.J.R., White, J.M., Somogyi, A.A., Menelaou, A. and Bochner, F., “Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in methadone maintenance patients: comparison of those who do and do not experience withdrawal and concentration-effect relationships”, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1999), 65:685-694.

3.8 1.7 0.8 6.6 2.6 1.3 13.8 3.7 2.6 4.8 1.0 0.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Lifetime Annual Past-month Use of tranquillizers and sedatives among males Use of tranquillizers and sedatives among females Use of cannabis among males Use of cannabis among females Pe rc en ta ge 百 分 比 男性当中安定剂和镇静剂使用率 女性当中安定剂和镇静剂使用率 男性当中大麻使用率 女性当中大麻使用率 终身 年度 上个月 V.12-57971 9 E/CN.7/2013/2 B. (...) 在 7.9 3.4 2.5 13.0 5.8 4.2 26.3 7.9 4.4 15.8 3.5 1.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Lifetime Annual Past-month Use of tranquillizers and sedatives among males Use of tranquillizers and sedatives among females Use of cannabis among males Use of cannabis among females Pe rc en ta ge 百 分 比 终身 年度 上个月 男性当中安定剂和镇静剂使用率 女性当中安定剂和镇静剂使用率 男性当中大麻使用率 女性当中大麻使用率 10 V.12-57971 E/CN.7/2013/2 估计的注射吸毒者中，四分之一以上在西欧和东欧，四分之一在东亚和东南 亚。 (...) V.12-57971 11 E/CN.7/2013/2 Amphetamine-type stimulants Cocaine Opioids Cannabis Tranquillizers and sedatives Hallucinogens Solvents and inhalantsSolvents and inhalants Other West and Central Europe East and South-East Europe 世界地图 2 2010 年（或现有资料的最近一年）按治疗需求列出的主要问题毒品（百分比） 注： 百分比是报告国治疗需求未加权平均值。

The Government must take effective steps to reduce it by: (a) promoting the use of bail and other alternatives to detention; (b) expediting investigations; and (c) expediting court proceedings by ensuring that there are sufficient prosecutors and judges in the country. (...) The lack of legal assistance guaranteed for all detainees from the moment of arrest, the unjustified delay in criminal proceedings and judicial remedies for the protection of fundamental rights, the excessive use of pretrial detention, the lack of effective access to bail or other alternatives to detention and the practice by the police of obtaining statements without the presence of a lawyer and through coercion, are some of the abuses that could be prevented if effective control of the legality of detention ordered by the judiciary was in place. 27. (...) Sixty per cent of those individuals were arrested in relation to cannabis, while 35 per cent were arrested in relation to heroin.

While the Special Rapporteur welcomes this positive development, she encourages the Government to further address the concerns raised by Rastafarians regarding the pursuit of their cultural and religious life without hindrance and stigmatization, including when it comes to the consumption of cannabis for religious purposes. The Special Rapporteur also encourages the Government to enact clear directives for prisons so as to ensure that Rastafarians held in prison will not have their dreadlocks cut. (...) (l) Address the concerns raised by Rastafarians regarding the consumption of cannabis for religious purposes. The Special Rapporteur also encourages the Government to enact clear directives for prisons to ensure that Rastafarians held in prison will not have their dreadlocks cut.