REGIONAL CENTRES FOR SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION (AFFILIATED TO THE UNITED NATIONS) : CURRICULUM ON SPACE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
El tercer curso se compondrá de los cinco módulos siguientes:
1 Teoría
2 Experimentos
3 Teoría
4 Experimentos
5 Proyectos piloto
En el anexo I se presenta un programa más detallado, particularmente en lo que
respecta a los modelos teóricos.
2. Cambios sugeridos al programa del segundo curso.
12. (...) Details of the theoretical topics are as follows:
Module/
submodule Topic and hours
1
1.1 Structure, composition and dynamics of planetary atmospheres (60 hours)
1.1.1 Basic concepts of the Earth’s atmosphere (12 hours)
Atmospheric nomenclature, hydrostatic equations, scale height, geopotential height;
chemical concepts of the atmosphere; thermodynamic considerations, elementary
chemical kinetics; composition and chemistry of middle atmosphere and thermo-
sphere; thermal balance in the thermosphere; modelling of neutral atmosphere
1.1.2 Dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere (16 hours)
Equation of motion of neutral atmosphere; thermal wind equation; elements of
planetary waves; internal gravity waves and atmospheric tides; fundamental
description of atmospheric dynamics and effects of dynamics on chemical species;
lidar technique
1.1.3 Solar radiation and its effect on atmosphere (20 hours)
Solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, attenuation of solar radiation in the
atmosphere, radiative transfer, thermal effects of radiation, photochemical effects of
radiation, modelling of radiative effects of aerosols
1.1.4 Atmospheres of planets and satellites (12 hours)
Inner and outer planets; atmospheric structure and composition of the Moon, Jupiter,
Mars, Venus and Saturn and their important satellites
1.2 Ionospheric physics (60 hours)
1.2.1 Structure and variability of the Earth’s ionosphere (12 hours)
Introduction to ionosphere; photochemical processes; Chapman’s theory of
photoionization; production of ionospheric layers; loss reactions and chemistry of
ionospheric regions; morphology of the ionosphere
1.2.2 Ionospheric propagation and measurement techniques (16 hours)
Effect of ionosphere on radio wave propagation; refraction, dispersion and
polarization; magneto-ionic theory; critical frequency and virtual height; oblique
propagation and maximum usable frequency; ground-based techniques—ionosonde;
radars; scintillations and total electron content (TEC), photometers, imagers and
interferometers, ionospheric absorption; rocket- and satellite-borne techniques—
Langmuir probe, electric field probe, retarding potential analysers, mass
spectrometers, magnetometers, vapour release, satellite drag for neutral density
1.2.3 Ionospheric plasma dynamics (16 hours)
Basic fluid equations; steady state ionospheric plasma motions owing to applied
forces; generation of electric fields; electric field mapping; collision frequencies;
electrical conductivity; plasma diffusion; ionospheric dynamo; equatorial electrojet;
ionospheric modelling
1.2.4 Airglow (8 hours)
Nightglow; dayglow; twilight glow; aurora; applications of airglow measurements
for ionospheric dynamics and composition
1.2.5 Ionospheres of other planets and satellites (8 hours)
Ionospheres of Mars, Venus and Jupiter
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12
Module/
submodule Topic and hours
3
3.1 Solar wind, magnetosphere and space weather (60 hours)
3.1.1 Elements of solar physics (6 hours)
Structure and composition of the Sun; the Sun as a source of radiation; sunspots and
solar cycles; solar flares
3.1.2 Magnetic field of the Earth and other planets (12 hours)
Models for generation of geomagnetic fields; secular variations of geomagnetic
fields; international geomagnetic reference fields; local elements of geomagnetic
fields; determinations of geomagnetic coordinates of stations; diurnal variation of
geomagnetic fields; magnetic fields of other planets
3.1.3 Magnetosphere of the Earth and other planets (14 hours)
Solar wind and its characteristics; interplanetary magnetic field and sector structure;
formation of geomagnetic cavity, magnetopause; magnetosheath and bow shock;
polar cusp and magnetotail; plasma sphere and Van Allen radiation belts; magneto-
sphere of other planets
3.1.4 Space weather (16 hours)
Geomagnetic storms, sub-storms and current systems; coronal mass ejections;
modification of the Earth’s magnetosphere during magnetic disturbances and its
implications; effect of magnetic disturbance on high, mid, and low latitudes
3.1.5 Measurement techniques for solar and geomagnetic parameters (12 hours)
Optical techniques for solar parameters; radio techniques for solar parameters; X-ray
techniques for solar parameters; techniques for magnetic measurements
3.2 Astronomy and astrophysics (60 hours)
3.2.1 Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics (18 hours)
Basic parameters in astronomical observations (magnitude scale, coordinate
systems), stellar classification, Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, Saha equation, Jean’s
criteria for stellar formation, stellar evolution, galaxy classification, cosmology
3.2.2 Astronomical instruments and observation techniques (12 hours)
Telescopes: f/# (a telescope of focal ratio f/# has an aperture equal to one #th of its
focal length), plate scale, types of telescopes, seeing conditions, diffraction limited
resolution; photometers: spectrometers (interferometers, gratings), imaging detectors
(microchannel plate (MPC), charged couple device (CCD) and IR arrays), high
angular resolution techniques (speckle, lunar occultation, adaptive optics)
3.2.3 Optical and near IR studies of stars and galaxies (12 hours)
Spectral energy distribution (in optical and IR bands) in stars, rotation of stars, study
of binary stars, gaseous nebulae, extinction curve of interstellar matter, dust, rotation
curves of galaxies, spectral energy distribution, colour-colour studies (imaging of
galaxies in different bands)
3.2.4 High-energy astronomy (6 hours)
Atmospheric transmission, detection techniques for X-rays and gamma rays, X-ray
telescopes, imaging and spectroscopy, radiation processes, accretion disks in black
holes and X-ray binaries, active galactic nuclei
3.2.5 Radio astronomy (12 hours)
Radio telescopes, aperture synthesis, interplanetary scintillation (IPS) techniques,
very long base interferometry (VLBI), pulsars, radio galaxies, distribution of HI gas
in galaxies, radiation mechanisms
3.3 Spacecraft design, construction and launch (details to be determined)
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2. (...) The detailed course content of the theoretical portion of the course was
as follows:
Module 1: Atmosphere
Structure and composition, hydrostatic equilibrium, scale heights, thermo-
dynamics, solar radiation and its transfer through atmosphere, aerosols and
radiation
Atmospheric electricity, global electric circuit
Atmospheric dynamics, large-scale motions, tides, gravity waves, and
turbulence
Ozone, trace gases and chemistry, methods of measurements, ozone depletion;
concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, global
warming, long-term changes in atmosphere due to anthropogenic changes
Module 2: Ionosphere and solar terrestrial interaction
Basic plasma physics
The sun, solar radiation, solar activity, solar wind, geomagnetism,
magnetosphere
Photoabsorption and photoionization, formation of ionospheric layers,
magneto-ionic theory, radio propagation in ionosphere, radio sounding,
maximum usable frequency (MUF) and high frequency (HF) radio link
calculations, features of ionosphere at low latitudes, equatorial electrojet,
equatorial sporadic-E and equatorial spread-F
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Solar flares, geomagnetic storm and effects in the ionosphere, magnetosphere-
ionosphere coupling
Radio propagation through ionosphere, Faraday rotation, differential phase and
group delay measurements, ionospheric tomography, radiowave scintillations
Radiowave scattering processes, coherent and incoherent backscatter radars
Probe theory, probe characteristics, in-situ measurements, airglow emissions,
principles of optical measurements, optical aeronomy
High-energy astronomy, X-ray astronomy, X-ray sources, detection
techniques; gamma-ray astronomy, sources, telescope and detectors in space,
ground-based Cerenkov telescopes and very high energy gamma-ray
astronomy; engineering trends and recent advances in detection techniques
Space biology
Module 3: Instrumentation techniques and data processing
Radio sounding: ionosondes, HF Doppler technique, spaced receiver technique
Radio beacon methods for electron content, tomography and scintillation
studies
Radars for atmospheric and ionospheric studies, coherent backscatter radar,
incoherent backscatter radar, meteor radar and
mesosphere/stratosphere/troposphere (MST) radar
In-situ probes and artificial modification experiments, Langmuir probe, double
probe, retarding potential analyser (RPA), magnetometer, mass spectrometer,
and chemical release experiments; balloon-borne conductivity, ion density and
electric field probes for stratosphere
Optical aeronomy experiments, photometers, spectrometers, imaging camera
for day and night airglow emissions
Lidar techniques, principle and application, aerosol lidar, Rayleigh lidar,
Doppler lidars and differential-absorption lidars (DIALs)
Instrumentation for atmospheric chemistry and aerosol studies, Dobson
absorption spectroscopy, cryosampler, gas chromatography, sun photometer,
aerosol sampler, remote sensing techniques
Techniques for laboratory measurements, instrumentation for laboratory
experiments on photoabsorption and photoionization
Instrumentation for astronomical observations, telescopes, polarimetry, high
resolution and spectrophotometry and spectroscopy, array detectors
Module 4: Modelling
Ocean-atmosphere and land-atmosphere interaction, past climate studies
Tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry, aerosol-solar radiation
interaction
Continuity equation, ionospheric models, numerical simulation studies,
ionospheric scintillations, planetary atmospheres
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3.

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