REGIONAL CENTRES FOR SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION (AFFILIATED TO THE UNITED NATIONS) : CURRICULUM ON SPACE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
Details of the theoretical topics are as follows:
Module/
submodule Topic and hours
1
1.1 Structure, composition and dynamics of planetary atmospheres (60 hours)
1.1.1 Basic concepts of the Earth’s atmosphere (12 hours)
Atmospheric nomenclature, hydrostatic equations, scale height, geopotential height;
chemical concepts of the atmosphere; thermodynamic considerations, elementary chemical
kinetics; composition and chemistry of middle atmosphere and thermosphere; thermal
balance in the thermosphere; modelling of neutral atmosphere
1.1.2 Dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere (16 hours)
Equation of motion of neutral atmosphere; thermal wind equation; elements of planetary
waves; internal gravity waves and atmospheric tides; fundamental description of
atmospheric dynamics and effects of dynamics on chemical species; lidar technique
1.1.3 Solar radiation and its effect on atmosphere (20 hours)
Solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, attenuation of solar radiation in the atmosphere,
radiative transfer, thermal effects of radiation, photochemical effects of radiation, modelling
of radiative effects of aerosols
1.1.4 Atmospheres of planets and satellites (12 hours)
Inner and outer planets; atmospheric structure and composition of the Moon, Jupiter, Mars,
Venus and Saturn and their important satellites
1.2 Ionospheric physics (60 hours)
1.2.1 Structure and variability of the Earth’s ionosphere (12 hours)
Introduction to ionosphere; photochemical processes; Chapman’s theory of photoionization;
production of ionospheric layers; loss reactions and chemistry of ionospheric regions;
morphology of the ionosphere
1.2.2 Ionospheric propagation and measurement techniques (16 hours)
Effect of ionosphere on radio wave propagation; refraction, dispersion and polarization;
magneto-ionic theory; critical frequency and virtual height; oblique propagation and
maximum usable frequency; ground-based techniques—ionosonde; radars; scintillations and
total electron content (TEC), photometers, imagers and interferometers, ionospheric
absorption; rocket- and satellite-borne techniques—Langmuir probe, electric field probe,
retarding potential analysers, mass spectrometers, magnetometers, vapour release, satellite
drag for neutral density
1.2.3 Ionospheric plasma dynamics (16 hours)
Basic fluid equations; steady state ionospheric plasma motions owing to applied forces;
generation of electric fields; electric field mapping; collision frequencies; electrical
conductivity; plasma diffusion; ionospheric dynamo; equatorial electrojet; ionospheric
modelling
1.2.4 Airglow (8 hours)
Nightglow; dayglow; twilight glow; aurora; applications of airglow measurements for
ionospheric dynamics and composition
1.2.5 Ionospheres of other planets and satellites (8 hours)
Ionospheres of Mars, Venus and Jupiter
3
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Module/
submodule Topic and hours
3.1 Solar wind, magnetosphere and space weather (60 hours)
3.1.1 Elements of solar physics (6 hours)
Structure and composition of the Sun; the Sun as a source of radiation; sunspots and solar
cycles; solar flares
3.1.2 Magnetic field of the Earth and other planets (12 hours)
Models for generation of geomagnetic fields; secular variations of geomagnetic fields;
international geomagnetic reference fields; local elements of geomagnetic fields;
determinations of geomagnetic coordinates of stations; diurnal variation of geomagnetic
fields; magnetic fields of other planets
3.1.3 Magnetosphere of the Earth and other planets (14 hours)
Solar wind and its characteristics; interplanetary magnetic field and sector structure;
formation of geomagnetic cavity, magnetopause; magnetosheath and bow shock; polar cusp
and magnetotail; plasma sphere and Van Allen radiation belts; magnetosphere of other
planets
3.1.4 Space weather (16 hours)
Geomagnetic storms, sub-storms and current systems; coronal mass ejections; modification
of the Earth’s magnetosphere during magnetic disturbances and its implications; effect of
magnetic disturbance on high, mid, and low latitudes
3.1.5 Measurement techniques for solar and geomagnetic parameters (12 hours)
Optical techniques for solar parameters; radio techniques for solar parameters; X-ray
techniques for solar parameters; techniques for magnetic measurements
3.2 Astronomy and astrophysics (60 hours)
3.2.1 Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics (18 hours)
Basic parameters in astronomical observations (magnitude scale, coordinate systems), stellar
classification, Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, Saha equation, Jean’s criteria for stellar
formation, stellar evolution, galaxy classification, cosmology
3.2.2 Astronomical instruments and observation techniques (12 hours)
Telescopes: f/# (a telescope of focal ratio f/# has an aperture equal to one #th of its focal
length), plate scale, types of telescopes, seeing conditions, diffraction limited resolution;
photometers: spectrometers (interferometers, gratings), imaging detectors (microchannel
plate (MPC), charged couple device (CCD) and IR arrays), high angular resolution
techniques (speckle, lunar occultation, adaptive optics)
3.2.3 Optical and near IR studies of stars and galaxies (12 hours)
Spectral energy distribution (in optical and IR bands) in stars, rotation of stars, study of
binary stars, gaseous nebulae, extinction curve of interstellar matter, dust, rotation curves of
galaxies, spectral energy distribution, colour-colour studies (imaging of galaxies in different
bands)
3.2.4 High-energy astronomy (6 hours)
Atmospheric transmission, detection techniques for X-rays and gamma rays, X-ray
telescopes, imaging and spectroscopy, radiation processes, accretion disks in black holes and
X-ray binaries, active galactic nuclei
3.2.5 Radio astronomy (12 hours)
Radio telescopes, aperture synthesis, interplanetary scintillation (IPS) techniques, very long
base interferometry (VLBI), pulsars, radio galaxies, distribution of HI gas in galaxies,
radiation mechanisms
3.3 Spacecraft design, construction and launch (details to be determined)
A/AC.105/L.240
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2. (...) Table 2
Syllabus followed in the second course
Module/
submodule Topic
Number of
hours
1
1.1 Structure, composition and dynamics of the neutral atmosphere 50
1.1.1 Structure, composition, hydrostatic equilibrium, scale height thermodynamics
A/AC.105/L.240
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Module/
submodule Topic
Number of
hours
1.1.2 Solar radiation, its transfer through the atmosphere, aerosols and radiative
effects of aerosols
1.1.3 Atmospheric dynamics, large-scale motions, tides’ gravity waves and
turbulence
1.1.4 Greenhouse gases and trace gases: their chemistry and measuring techniques
and global warming
1.1.5 Satellite measurement of neutral parameters
1.2 Plasma aspects of Earth’s environment 50
1.2.1 Geomagnetism, global electric circuit
1.2.2 Plasma physics
1.2.3 Magnetospheric processes and solar wind, solar activity
1.2.4 In-situ measurements of plasma parameters
1.2.5 Ionospheric irregularities
1.3 Astronomy and astrophysics 50
1.3.1 Basic astronomy (planetary, stellar and extragalactic)
1.3.2 Gamma-ray, X-ray and UV astronomy
1.3.3 Optical, IR and far IR astronomy
1.3.4 Millimeter wave, radio and solar astronomy
1.3.5 Recent advances in astronomical detection techniques
2
2.1 Measurement of mass of suspended particles 25
2.2 Surface monitoring of minor constituents 25
2.3 Determination of the slit function of a monochromator using a helium-neon
(He-Ne) laser as light source
25
2.4 Ionospheric sounding using an ionosonde 25
2.5 Low-current measurement using Langmuir probe 25
2.6 Optical imaging of plasma depletions 25
3
3.1 Ionospheric physics and radiowave propagation
3.1.1 Formation and structure of the ionosphere
3.1.2 Theory of ionospheric radio propagation
3.1.3 Radio sounding of the ionosphere (ionosonde, HF Doppler, meteor wind radar,
spaced receiver technique, total electron content)
3.1.4 Ionosphere scintillations, tomography and GPS systems
3.1.5 Ionospheric radars (VHF backscatter radar, incoherent scatter radar and MST
radar)
3.2 Optical and laboratory studies of space processes
3.2.1 Basic optics
3.2.2 Photometers and images
3.2.3 Spectral imaging of the atmosphere
3.2.4 Laser sounding of the atmosphere
3.2.5 Laboratory astrophysics
A/AC.105/L.240
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Module/
submodule Topic
Number of
hours
3.3 Modelling of atmospheric processes
3.3.1 Climate modelling
3.3.2 Modelling of the neutral atmosphere
3.3.3 Modelling of radiative effects of aerosol
3.3.4 Modelling of ionosphere
3.3.5 Numerical simulation of plasma bubbles
4
4.1 Absorption spectrometry to determine column density of minor constituents 25
4.2 Filter photometer for optical depth measurement 25
4.3 Measurement of Earth’s magnetic field by proton precession magnetometer 25
4.4 Interferometry using a Fabry-Perot interferometer 25
4.5 Measurement of transmission of MgF2 window 25
4.6 Characterization of interference filters 25
5 Pilot project a
aTwo months.
5. (...) The detailed course content of the theoretical portion of the course was as
follows:
Module 1: Atmosphere
Structure and composition, hydrostatic equilibrium, scale heights, thermo-
dynamics, solar radiation and its transfer through atmosphere, aerosols and
radiation
Atmospheric electricity, global electric circuit
Atmospheric dynamics, large-scale motions, tides, gravity waves, and
turbulence
Ozone, trace gases and chemistry, methods of measurements, ozone depletion;
concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, global
warming, long-term changes in atmosphere due to anthropogenic changes
Module 2: Ionosphere and solar terrestrial interaction
Basic plasma physics
The sun, solar radiation, solar activity, solar wind, geomagnetism,
magnetosphere
Photoabsorption and photoionization, formation of ionospheric layers,
magneto-ionic theory, radio propagation in ionosphere, radio sounding,
maximum usable frequency (MUF) and high frequency (HF) radio link
calculations, features of ionosphere at low latitudes, equatorial electrojet,
equatorial sporadic-E and equatorial spread-F
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Solar flares, geomagnetic storm and effects in the ionosphere,
magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling
Radio propagation through ionosphere, Faraday rotation, differential phase and
group delay measurements, ionospheric tomography, radiowave scintillations
Radiowave scattering processes, coherent and incoherent backscatter radars
Probe theory, probe characteristics, in-situ measurements, airglow emissions,
principles of optical measurements, optical aeronomy
High-energy astronomy, X-ray astronomy, X-ray sources, detection techniques;
gamma-ray astronomy, sources, telescope and detectors in space, ground-based
Cerenkov telescopes and very high energy gamma-ray astronomy; engineering
trends and recent advances in detection techniques
Space biology
Module 3: Instrumentation techniques and data processing
Radio sounding: ionosondes, HF Doppler technique, spaced receiver technique
Radio beacon methods for electron content, tomography and scintillation
studies
Radars for atmospheric and ionospheric studies, coherent backscatter radar,
incoherent backscatter radar, meteor radar and
mesosphere/stratosphere/troposphere (MST) radar
In-situ probes and artificial modification experiments, Langmuir probe, double
probe, retarding potential analyser (RPA), magnetometer, mass spectrometer,
and chemical release experiments; balloon-borne conductivity, ion density and
electric field probes for stratosphere
Optical aeronomy experiments, photometers, spectrometers, imaging camera
for day and night airglow emissions
Lidar techniques, principle and application, aerosol lidar, Rayleigh lidar,
Doppler lidars and differential-absorption lidars (DIALs)
Instrumentation for atmospheric chemistry and aerosol studies, Dobson
absorption spectroscopy, cryosampler, gas chromatography, sun photometer,
aerosol sampler, remote sensing techniques
Techniques for laboratory measurements, instrumentation for laboratory
experiments on photoabsorption and photoionization
Instrumentation for astronomical observations, telescopes, polarimetry, high
resolution and spectrophotometry and spectroscopy, array detectors
Module 4: Modelling
Ocean-atmosphere and land-atmosphere interaction, past climate studies
Tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry, aerosol-solar radiation
interaction
Continuity equation, ionospheric models, numerical simulation studies,
ionospheric scintillations, planetary atmospheres
A/AC.105/L.240
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3.

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得分: 1821450.2
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REPORT OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY TO THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES. NOTE BY THE SECRETARIAT
Enabling Activities and Capacity Building ................................................................................ 92
Part IV: Evaluations by the GEF Independent Evaluation Office ....................................................... 98
Annex 1: GEF-7 Funding Envelopes and Allocations............................................................................ 103
Annex 2: List of FY21 Projects and Programs under the GEF Trust Fund ...................................... 108
Annex 3: List of FY21 Projects and Programs under the LDCF and the SCCF ............................... 126
Annex 4: Regional and Global Climate Technology Activities ........................................................... 138
Annex 5: National Climate Technology Activities ................................................................................. 148
Annex 6: Status Report on the LDCF and the SCCF for FY21 ............................................................. 170
Annex 7: Status Report on the CBIT Trust Fund for FY21 .................................................................. 179
FCCC/CP/2021/9
GE.21-13052 5
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Decisions Adopted by the UNFCCC COP 25 and CMA 2, Conclusions of SBI 51 and 50 and
SBSTA 51 and 50, and GEF Response ................................................................................... 21
Table 2: Cumulative GEF Projects on Climate Change Mitigation by Region .................................... 55
Table 3: GEF Projects on Climate Change Mitigation by Phase ......................................................... 56
Table 4: GEF Funding for Project and Programs with Climate Change Mitigation Components ...... 60
Table 5: Expected Results from Project and Programs Approved in the Reporting Period .............. 60
Table 6: Core Indicators for the LDCF and the SCCF (2018-2022) ..................................................... 66
Table 7: Regional Distribution of Projects and Programs Approved under the LDCF in the Reporting
Period.................................................................................................................................... 68
Table 8: Agency Distribution of Projects and Programs Approved under the LDCF in the Reporting
Period.................................................................................................................................... 69
Table 9: Regional Distribution of Projects and Programs Approved under the SCCF in the Reporting
Period.................................................................................................................................... 74
Table 10: Challenge Program for Adaptation Innovation Project Concepts Selected as at June 30,
2021 ...................................................................................................................................... 77
Table 11: GEF Projects for Climate Technology Transfer and Financing Centers and the CTCN ....... 89
Table 12: Cumulative GEF Trust Fund Enabling Activities Projects by Region .................................. 92
Table 13: GEF Trust Fund Enabling Activities Projects by Phase ....................................................... 93
FCCC/CP/2021/9
6 GE.21-13052
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Cumulative GEF Projects on Climate Change Mitigation by Sectora .................................. 58
Figure 2: Annual and Cumulative Funding Approvals under the LDCF (as at June 30, 2021) ........... 67
Figure 3: Cumulative Regional Distribution of Projects and Programs Approved under the LDCF
(as at June 30, 2021) ........................................................................................................... 68
Figure 4: Cumulative Agency Distribution of Projects and Programs Approved under the LDCF
(as at June 30, 2021) ........................................................................................................... 69
Figure 5: Cumulative Regional Distribution of Projects Approved under the SCCF-A
(as at June 30, 2021) ........................................................................................................... 72
Figure 6: Cumulative Regional Distribution of Projects Approved under the SCCF-B
(as at June 30, 2021) ........................................................................................................... 72
Figure 7: Cumulative Agency Distribution of Projects and Programs Approved under the SCCF
(as at June 30, 2021) ........................................................................................................... 73
Figure 8: Project Status of CBIT Portfolio by Fiscal Year (FY17 to FY21) ............................................ 82
Figure 9: CBIT Project Priorities per Type of Activity (as at June 30, 2021) ....................................... 84
FCCC/CP/2021/9
GE.21-13052 7
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADB Asian Development Bank
AfDB African Development Bank
AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
AILAC Independent Association of Latin America and the Caribbean
AMP Africa Minigrids Program
BTR Biennial Transparency Report
BUR Biennial Update Report
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
CAF Development Bank of Latin America
CBA Community-based adaptation
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBIT Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency
CBIT TF Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency Trust Fund
CBO Community-based Organization
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CCM Climate Change Mitigation
CEIT Countries with Economy in Transition
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CGI Consultative Group of Experts
CI Conservation International
CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement
CO2 eq Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
COP Conference of the Parties
CSO Civil Society Organization
CSP Country Support Program
CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network
EA Enabling Activity
EbA Ecosystem-based Adaptation
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ECA Eastern Europe and Central Asia
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECW Expanded Constituency Workshop
EST Environmentally Sound Technology
ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FINTECC Finance and Technology Transfer Centre for Climate Change
FOLUR Food Systems, Land Use and Restoration
FSP Full-sized Project
FY Fiscal Year
GACMO Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model
GCA Global Commission on Adaptation
GCF Green Climate Fund
GEF Global Environment Facility
GEFTF Global Environment Facility Trust Fund
GGP GEF Gender Partnership
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GHGI Greenhouse Gas Inventory
GHGMI Greenhouse Gas Management Institute
GLEAM Global Livestock Environment Assessment Model
GRP Global Resilience Partnership
GSP Global Support Program
HCFC Hydro-chlorofluorocarbon
HFC Hydrofluorocarbon
IAP Integrated Approach Pilot
ICAT Initiative for Climate Action Transparency
FCCC/CP/2021/9
8 GE.21-13052
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IEO Independent Evaluation Office
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC International Finance Corporation
IGES Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
IP Impact Program
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
LAC Latin America and the Caribbean
LCT Low-carbon Technology
LDC Least Developed Country
LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund
LDN Land Degradation Neutrality
LEAP Low Emissions Analysis Platform
LEG Least-developed Countries Expert Group
LTV Long-term Vision
MFA Multi-focal Area
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification
MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise
MSP Medium-sized Project
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
Mt Megaton (106 tons)
MTF Multi-trust Fund
MTR Mid-term Review
NAP National Adaptation Plan
NAPA National Adaptation Program of Action
NBI Nature-based Infrastructure
NbS Nature-based Solutions
NC National Communication
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
NDE National Designated Entity
NFMS National Forest Monitoring System
NGI Non-grant Instrument
NGO Non-governmental Organization
ODS Ozone-depleting Substance
OFP Operational Focal Point
OPS Overall Performance Study
PFAN Private Financing Advisory Network
PFD Project Framework Document
PIF Project Identification Form
PIR Project Implementation Report
PPG Project Preparation Grant
PSES Private Sector Engagement Strategy
PSP Poznan Strategic Program on Technology Transfer
REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable
management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries
SBI Subsidiary Body for Implementation
SBSTA Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice
SCCE Strategic Country Cluster Evaluation
SCCF Special Climate Change Fund
SCCF-A Special Climate Change Fund Adaptation Program
SCCF-B Special Climate Change Fund Program for Technology Transfer
SCF Standing Committee on Finance
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SES Stakeholder Empowerment Series
FCCC/CP/2021/9
GE.21-13052 9
SFM Sustainable Forest Management
SGP Small Grants Program
SIDS Small Island Developing State
SLM Sustainable Land Management
SME Small and Medium Enterprise
SOFF Systematic Observations Financing Facility
SPA Strategic Priority on Adaptation
STAP Scientific, Technical and Advisory Panel
STAR System for Transparent Allocation of Resources
TAG Technical Advisory Group
TAP Technology Action Plan
TEC Technology Executive Committee
TER Terminal Evaluation Report
TNA Technology Needs Assessment
UN-OHRLLS United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked
Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States
UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WRI World Resources Institute
WWF World Wildlife Fund
FCCC/CP/2021/9
10 GE.21-13052
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. (...) For
CCA 18 projects and programs were approved which include financing toward CCA Objective 1 to
reduce vulnerability and increase resilience through innovation and technology transfer for CCA,
totaling $91.2 million, inclusive of GEF project financing, PPGs and Agency fees, and leveraged
9 This includes the Addendum to the project Global Programme to Support Countries with the Shift to
Electric Mobility.
10 These projects are aligned with the objective of CCM-1: Promote innovation, technology transfer, and
supportive policies and strategies. (...) Advancing coordination and collaboration
in further expansion of the GEF-funded large-scale program on the Great Green Wall across the
Sahelian countries; the Amazon Initiative; the SFM-REDD+ Initiative; and the implementation of
the electric mobility portfolio are few examples.
Gender Equality
42.

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