UN anti-narcotics panel calls for better support for youth and marginalized
28 February 2012
Law and Crime Prevention
Helping marginalized communities and young people experiencing drug problems must be an international priority, the United Nations body tasked with monitoring the production and consumption of narcotics worldwide said today, urging countries to protect these groups so they can be reintegrated into society.
“It is crucial that the needs of communities experiencing social disintegration are urgently tackled before the tipping point is reached, beyond which effective action becomes impossible,” said Hamid Ghodse, President of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), on the release of the board’s annual report .
(...) “Although it will be a challenge to meet the needs of these communities experiencing social disintegration and drug problems, the consequences of failure are too high for society and should be avoided at all costs,” Mr.
Language:English
Score: 628830.76
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https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/02/404952
Data Source: un
Technical assistance and training provided through regional
workshops
MICS methodology
Child Discipline Module
• Questions addressed to family relatives/mothers or primary caregivers of one randomly selected child aged 2 to 14 years old
• The questionnaire asked whether any member of the household had used any of various disciplinary practices with that child during the past month
• 8 violent disciplinary practices: 2 psychological (such as shouting and name calling); 6 physical (such as shaking, spanking and hitting with an implement)
• 3 non-violent disciplinary practices (such as taking away privileges and explaining why something is wrong)
• Assesses mother/primary caregivers’ attitude toward physical punishment
Child Discipline Module in MICS and DHS surveys
• MICS3 (2005-2007) 33 countries
• MICS4 (2010-2012) 42 countries (47 surveys)
• By including a module on Child Discipline, MICS has become the largest sources of comparable data on child disciplinary practices for the developing world
• Same module used in some DHS surveys
DHS (2006-2009): 5 countries (Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Liberia)
MICS4 countries with data on child discipline
4
6
7
9
3
9
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Eastern and Southern Africa
Middle East and North Africa
CEE/CIS Latin America and the Caribbean
South Asia West and Central Africa
East Asia and the Pacific
Number of MICS4 countries with data on child discipline, by UNICEF region
Results
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Bosnia and Herzegovina Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan
Montenegro Georgia
Serbia Dominican Republic
Armenia Ukraine
Belize Fiji
Solomon Islands Djibouti
The former Yugoslav Republic of… Lao People's Democratic Republic
Albania Azerbaijan
Guyana Trinidad and Tobago
Tajikistan Vanuatu
Kiribati Mongolia
Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone Burkina Faso
Belarus Chad
Iraq Suriname
Algeria Syrian Arab Republic
Jamaica Swaziland
Ghana Gambia
Morocco Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo Central African Republic
Egypt Cameroon
Togo Viet Nam
Liberia Occupied Palestinian Territory
Yemen
Violent discipline is widespread
in most countries
Percentage of children aged 2–14 who have experienced violent discipline in the past month, 2005–2010
Non-violent methods used with almost all children
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Kazakhstan Georgia
Lao Burkina Faso
Cameroon Djibouti Guyana
Ghana Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago
Jamaica Macedonia
Syria Gambia Algeria
Central African Republic Togo
Serbia Cote d'Ivoire
Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina
Belize Montenegro
Azerbaijan Guinea-Bissau
Sierra Leone Belarus Yemen
Iraq Suriname
Ukraine Vietnam
Percentage of children aged 2–14 who have experienced any non-violent discipline in the past month, 2005–2010
Any non-violent
Non-violent methods are the most common form of discipline
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Georgia Kazakhstan
Lao Burkina Faso
Cameroon Djibouti Guyana
Ghana Jamaica
Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan
Trinidad and Tobago Algeria
Central African Republic Gambia
Macedonia Serbia
Syria Togo
Cote d'Ivoire Albania
Azerbaijan Belize
Bosnia and Herzegovina Guinea-Bissau
Montenegro Sierra Leone
Belarus Yemen
Iraq Suriname
Ukraine Vietnam
Percentage of children aged 2–14 who have experienced any violent and any non-violent discipline in the past month, 2005–2006
Any violent Any non-violent
Most households use both non-violent and violent disciplinary practices
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Yemen Cameroon
Sierra Leone Burkina Faso
Vietnam Cote d'Ivoire
Ghana Algeria
Syria Central African Republic
Togo Jamaica Gambia
Suriname Iraq
Belarus Guyana
Guinea-Bissau Djibouti
Tajikistan Trinidad & Tobago
Georgia Lao
Serbia Azerbaijan
Macedonia Belize
Ukraine Kazakhstan
Montenegro Kyrgyzstan
Albania Bosnia & Herzegovina
Percentage of children aged 2–14 who have experienced only non-violent discipline and both non- violent and violent discipline in the past month, 2005–2006
Only Nonviolent Any NonviolentNon-violent discipline combined with violent discipline Non-violent discipline only
Shouting/yelling is the most common form of violent discipline
Violent disciplinary practice Estimate
Shook him/her 35
Shouted, yelled at or screamed at him/her 73
Spanked, hit or slapped him/her with bare hand 27
Hit him/her on the bottom or elsewhere on the body with something like a
belt, hairbrush, stick or other hard object 4
Called him/her dumb, lazy or another name like that 22
Hit or slapped him/her on the face, head or ears 16
Hit or slapped him/her on the hand, arm or legs 20
Beat him/her up with an implement (hit over and over as hard as one could) 4
Table 7. Percentage of children aged 2–14 who experienced specific forms of violent discipline in
the past month, 2005–2006
Psychological aggression and physical punishment go hand in hand
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Yemen Cameroon
Sierra Leone Burkina Faso
Viet Nam Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana Algeria
Syrian Arab Republic Central African Republic
Togo Jamaica Gambia
Suriname Iraq
Belarus Guyana
Guinea-Bissau Djibouti
Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago
Georgia Lao People's Democratic Republic
Serbia Azerbaijan
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Belize
Ukraine Kazakhstan
Montenegro Kyrgyzstan
Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina
Only non-violent discipline Psychological aggression without physical punishment Physical punishment without psychological aggression Both psychological aggression and physical punishment No form of discipline listed in Child Discipline Module
Risk and Protective Factors
All children, regardless of their personal characteristics and family background, are at risk of violent discipline
FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS Family wealth Family & primary caregiver’s education Number of household members Place of residence (urban/ rural) Living arrangement (child living with mother only, father only, both, neither) Caregiver age (under 30/ 30-39/ 40+) Marital status
CHILD CHARACTERISTICS Child sex Child age Engagement in child labour
CAREGIVER BEHAVIORS Non-adult care Children’s & non-children’s books Educational & play activities
Risk and Protective Factors: Child characteristics
Child sex
• In about half of the countries surveyed (17 out of 33), there is no difference in the prevalence of violent discipline between boys and girls
• In the remaining 16 countries, boys are more likely to be subject to violent disciplinary practices, but differences remain small
N = 16
Males Females
Weighted average 78 72
Risk and Protective Factors: Family characteristics
Family Wealth
N = 12
Poorest 60% Wealthiest 40%
Weighted average 77 70
Definition: • Wealthiest 40 percent and poorest 60 percent • Relative not absolute wealth is measured
In more than half of the countries with available data (17 out of 30), there is no difference in the prevalence of violent discipline between poorest and wealthiest children
In the rest of countries (12 out of the 30), children from the poorest 60 percent of households are more likely to receive a violent discipline, but overall differences remain small
Attitudes toward physical punishment
The large majority of mothers/primary caregivers do not think that physical punishment is necessary
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Syria Sierra Leone
Vietnam Yemen
Cameroon Ghana
Cote d'Ivoire Burkina Faso
Jamaica Djibouti Gambia
Togo Belize
Guinea-Bissau Trinidad & Tobago
Iraq Guyana
Central African Republic Azerbaijan
Lao Tajikistan Suriname
Ukraine Algeria Belarus Georgia
Macedonia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan
Serbia Bosnia & Herzegovina
Albania Montenegro
Percentage of mothers or primary caregivers who do not think that physical punishment is necessary, by country, 2005-2006
When a mother thinks that physical punishment is necessary, her children are significantly more at risk of violent discipline
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Kazakhstan*** Lao***
Bosnia & Herzegovina*** Azerbaijan*** Kyrgyzstan***
Trinidad & Tobago*** Albania***
Burkina Faso*** Ukraine***
Vietnam*** Ghana***
Suriname*** Belarus*** Guyana***
Belize*** Gambia*** Djibouti***
Sierra Leone*** Tajikistan***
Togo*** Serbia***
Montenegro*** Jamaica***
Central African Republic*** Iraq***
Cote d'Ivoire*** Cameroon***
Georgia*** Guinea-Bissau***
Yemen*** Algeria***
Syria***
Percentage of children aged 2–14 who experienced physical punishment in the past month according to the mother’s or primary caregiver’s belief in the need for physical punishment, by country, 2005–2006
No YesMother/caregiver does not think that physical punishment is necessary
Mother/caregiver thinks that physical punishment is necessary
Implications
• Violent disciplinary practices are widespread
• When the mother thinks that physical punishment is necessary, her children are significantly more at risk of violent discipline
• This means that changing attitudes is important
• However, the findings also suggest that among children whose mothers do not think physical punishment is necessary, a large proportion are still experiencing it
• This suggests that changing attitudes may not always be sufficient to prevent physical punishment, as many children of mothers/caregivers who do not think it is necessary are still subject to it
Thank you
ccappa@unicef.org
Language:English
Score: 628573.44
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https://violenceagainstchildre...iplinary_practices_at_home.pdf
Data Source: un
Some 35 per cent of girls and 17 per cent of boys have experienced sexual violence, 59 per cent of girls and 68 per cent of boys experienced physical violence during their childhoods (2015 Violence Against Children survey). This persists into adulthood as 56 per cent of ever married women and 44 per cent of ever married men have experienced physical, sexual or emotional violence by their spouse or partner.
Language:English
Score: 627372.27
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https://www.unicef.org/uganda/every-child-protection
Data Source: un
UNICEF/UN049427/PANJETA/UNICEF BiH
Available in:
English
русский
A region that has transformed itself
Europe and Central Asia has experienced tremendous change since the collapse of the Soviet Union three decades ago.
(...) Inequalities are deepening in many places the most vulnerable citizens - including children - too often find themselves excluded from the progress experienced by others.
Disadvantaged and excluded children can be found in every part of the region, and these children are the focus of UNICEF’s work across Europe and Central Asia.
(...) The most disadvantaged children are too often denied the care and protection experienced by their peers. National systems, such as education, health, child protection and social welfare systems could, and should, meet the needs of every child – including the most vulnerable.
Language:English
Score: 627372.27
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https://www.unicef.org/eca/sit...ildren-europe-and-central-asia
Data Source: un
Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) completed in 11 countries show high levels of violence exposure amongst this cohort, including 45 per cent of girls and 54 per cent of boys experiencing physical violence and 23 per cent of girls and 10 per cent of boys experiencing sexual and emotional violence. Experiencing or witness violence can lead to psychosocial factors that are associated with increased risk of non-adherence.
Language:English
Score: 627372.27
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https://www.unicef.org/esa/doc...amongst-adolescents-living-hiv
Data Source: un
The report outlines that there has been little decline in
the incidence of harassment in the last two decades and that 48% of respondents indicated they had
experienced intimidation, abuse or sexual harassment in the workplace.
(...) In 2018/19, the eSafety
Commissioner reported that assistance was provided to 950 adult complainants experiencing cyber
abuse. This was double the number that were assisted over the previous year. (...) Australia provides a national online and telephone counselling and support service, 1800RESPECT,
for people who have experienced, or are at risk of experiencing, sexual assault and/or domestic and
family violence, their family and friends, and frontline and isolated workers.
Language:English
Score: 627287.55
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https://www.ohchr.org/sites/de...lists/Government/australia.pdf
Data Source: un
Sexual violence against girls and boys:
Worldwide, around 15 million adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 have experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forced sexual acts in their lifetime.
Only 1 per cent of adolescent girls who had experienced sexual violence said they reached out for professional help.
In the 28 countries with data, 90 per cent of adolescent girls who had experienced forced sex, on average, said the perpetrator of the first incident was known to them.
Language:English
Score: 626723.1
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https://www.unicef.org/turkiye/en/node/1916
Data Source: un
Sexual violence against girls and boys:
Worldwide, around 15 million adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 have experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forced sexual acts in their lifetime.
Only 1 per cent of adolescent girls who had experienced sexual violence said they reached out for professional help.
In the 28 countries with data, 90 per cent of adolescent girls who had experienced forced sex, on average, said the perpetrator of the first incident was known to them.
Language:English
Score: 626723.1
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https://www.unicef.org/eca/pre...lk-millions-children-worldwide
Data Source: un
One can perform simple, rough estimates of spectrum needs based on key Technical Performance Requirements (TPRs) (e.g., peak data rate, user experienced data rate and area traffic capacity), or one can perform detailed calculations involving aspects such as link budget and system-level simulations. (...) Considering a user experienced data rate of 100 Mbits/s for the case of outdoor urban and spectral efficiency = 0.15 bits/s/Hz, B (in GHz) could be calculated as follows:
TABLE A.2-1B
Amount of spectrum required to support a user/device experienced data rate of 100 Mbits/s (Outdoor - urban)
Number of simultaneously served users/devices in a cell N = 1 N = 2 N = 4
Amount of spectrum required B (GHz) 0.67 1.32 2.64
Example 2 – Based on cell-edge user spectral efficiency (obtained from 3GPP technical specifications) and data rate targets (from Recommendation ITU-R M.2083) in two given test environments This example uses the same equation as in Example 1, i.e. (...) Spectrum needs = User experienced data rate / 5th percentile user spectral efficiency
Input parameter: – User experienced data rate (bits/s) – 5th percentile user spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)
K2: Area traffic capacity Following equation can be used for the IMT spectrum needs estimate with area traffic capacity of IMT-2020.
Language:English
Score: 626607.9
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https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/s...ocuments/5D_TEMP_249(Rev1).pdf
Data Source: un
One study by the
United States National Institute of Justice found that 84.3% of American Indian and Alaska Native
(AI/AN)1 women have experienced some type of violence over the course of their lives.2
The US federal government does not consistently collect data on violence against AI/AN women and the
services available to survivors, and the limited data that does exist—as well as most US law and policy
focused on Indigenous people in the United States—largely excludes Indigenous peoples of Hawaii,
Puerto Rico, Guam, America Samoa, and the Mariana Islands. (...) See South Dakota Department of Health, Sexual Violence in South Dakota 2019 Data Report, March 2021, available at https://doh.sd.gov/documents/Prevention/2019_SD_SexualViolenceReport.pdf
http://www.amnestyusa.org/
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249736.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249736.pdf
https://www.mcdowellgroup.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/sexual-violence-data.pdf.
https://live.laborstats.alaska.gov/pop/estimates/pub/17popover.pdf
https://doh.sd.gov/documents/Prevention/2019_SD_SexualViolenceReport.pdf
Amnesty International USA www.amnestyusa.org
providers meant to protect AI/AN women from sexual violence, the under resourcing of Indigenous
health services, and the complex jurisdictional maze that face AI/AN survivors of sexual violence.6
AI/AN women also face disproportionately high rates of domestic violence. 55.5% of AI/AN women have
experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime; 66.4% have experienced
psychological aggression by an intimate partner.7
MISSING AND MURDERED INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND GIRLS (MMIWG)
On some reservations, AI/AN women are murdered at more than ten times the national average;8
murder is the third-leading cause of death among AI/AN women and girls between the ages of 10 and
24.9 In 2017, the U.S. (...) Among the AI/AN women who have experienced
sexual violence in their lifetime, 96 percent have experienced sexual violence by at least one non-
Indigenous perpetrator.22 Separately, 21 percent of AI/AN women who have experienced sexual
violence have experienced it at least once by an intraracial perpetrator, reflecting that some AI/AN
women who have been experienced sexual violence have been assaulted by several perpetrators during
their lifetime.
Language:English
Score: 626291.1
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https://www.ohchr.org/sites/de...ault/files/2022-03/Amnesty.pdf
Data Source: un