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This was encouraged to “streamline benefit applications by allowing low risk applicants for housing benefit and 1 Taskforce on Innovation, Growth and Regulatory Reform (2021), Independent Report. 2 Equality and Human Rights Commission and Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (2021), Report of the EHRC and the NIHRC following the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy’s visit to the UK in June 2018. 3 Court of Appeal (2020), R (Bridges) –v- CC South Wales & ors. 4 Ibid. 5 Information Commissioner’s Office (2019), Information Commissioner’s Opinion: The use of live facial recognition technology by law enforcement in public places. 6 Information Commissioner’s Office (2021), Information Commissioner’s Opinion: The use of live facial recognition technology i n public places. 7 National Audit Office (2018), Rolling out Universal Credit. 8 Big Brother Watch (2021), Poverty Panopticon. (...) This experiment found that “almost all Facebook users shown adverts for mechanics were men, while ads for nursery nurses were seen almost exclusively by women.”23 Schona Jolly QC assessed the experience and stated: “Facebook’s system itself may, and does appear to, lead to discriminatory outcomes”.24 Automated facial recognition in the gig economy There is increasing concern that facial recognition software may be placing people from ethnic minority groups at a disadvantage in the gig economy. (...) Drivers from ethnic minority backgrounds have failed the facial recognition check, and been unable to work as a result.

Policing, data retention, and facial recognition technology Following EHRC’s submission to the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy, the ECtHR has ruled on Catt v the United Kingdom. 19 The ECtHR found that the UK Government violated the right to privacy (Article 8 ECHR) of the applicant and while there was a pressing need to collect the personal data about the applicant, there was no pressing need to retain it. (...) The use of automated facial recognition in policing, and its impact on privacy rights, has become an increasing concern in recent years. In August 2020, the Court of Appeal found that there were ‘fundamental deficiencies’ in the legal framework governing the use of automated facial recognition, and that its use was in breach of the right to privacy (Article 8 ECHR), the Data Protection Act 2018 and the Public Sector Equality Duty. 20 The Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) has previously stated21 that data protection law sets high standards in relation to the use of Live Facial Recognition (LFR) in a law enforcement context and when used in public places.

GE.21-01029 (C) 080221 150221 人权理事会 第四十六届会议 2021年 2月 22日至 3月 19日 议程项目 3 促进和保护所有人权――公民权利、政治权利、

The camera systems do not have facial recognition technology on board and for the near future that is not on the Police’s agenda. (...) (iv) As an indication of the precautionary approach to facial recognition in Germany, it was pleasing to be told by the Cologne Police that there are no plans to connect its CCTV system to live facial recognition systems due to the privacy implications. The Rapporteur was advised that future plans might include the use of facial recognition to allow monitoring of the movements of people in the surveyed area but not their individual recognition (b) Pioneering facial recognition test areas at Berlin Südkreuz Station (i) The Federal Ministry of the Interior advised that it recently tested facial recognition technologies, using cameras of the German railway system.

36 Kristine Hamman 和 Rachel Smith,“Facial recognition technology: where will it take us?”,Criminal Justice, vol. 34, No. 1 (Spring, 2019)，第 10 页；Monique Mann 和 Marcus Smith,“Automated facial recognition technology: recent developments and approaches to oversight”,University of New South Wales Law Journal, vol. 40, No. 1(2017)。

Examples include the lowering of the retirement age from 70 to 65, reforms in the career and promotion system, and steps to encourage voluntary retirement, opening up opportunities and powerful incentives to bring about the rejuvenation of the top command. 25. At the same time as the numbers of armed forces staff were reduced, especially among the top echelons, and entries to military academies were curtailed, changes were initiated in military training and education, including curricular alterations, as well as renovation, rotation and improvements in the conditions of employment of teachers and a closer integration of military courses with other disciplines and with the regular educational system. 26.

It is one of the strategic programmes under way to achieve the expected urban development in the city of Colombo, among many other current rejuvenation projects. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the undertaking by the Government that, under the programme, no families will be displaced and all families will be provided with permanent houses, while releasing a large acreage of underutilized land for productive purposes in accordance with the Colombo Development Master Plan.

The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation includes interventions relating to sewerage systems, wastewater treatment plants and faecal sludge management in cities.

., A randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of low-dose amitriptyline, amitriptyline with pindolol and placebo in the treatment of chronic tension type facial pain，《鼻科学》，2013年，第 51期，第 143-153页；Muscat, R. and Pike, B., Some reflections on the concept of coherency in relation to a policy on psychoactive E/2022/9/Add.2 21-16905 12/16 substances and beyond，欧洲委员会，2012年；Pierruci, M., Galalti, S., Valentino, M., Di Matteo.V., Benigno, A., Pitruzella, A., Muscat, R. and Di Giovanni, G., Nitric oxide modulation of basal ganglia circuitry: Therapeutic implications for Parkinson’s disease and other motor disorders，《中枢神经系统与神经疾病-药物靶标》，2011年， 第 10页。

Since 2014, the Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has launched several flagship schemes including Housing for All, Smart City Mission, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation and the Swacch Baharat Mission (Clean India Mission).