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Artificial and recycled islands in the Pacific: Myths and mythology of “Plastic Fantastic”. Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 120 (2011): pp. 71-86.

She also visited the Tourism Security Unit in the Banjul tourism development area. (...) The Gambia Tourism Board enforces the implementation of the Tourism Offences Act. In 2014, through the amendment of the Tourism Offences Act, a special court was created to deal with tourism- related offences, including sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism cases. 45.

A/HRC/25/48/Add.2 6 GE.13-19124 Child sex tourism 16. With regard to the sexual exploitation of children in tourism, all the stakeholders interviewed noted with concern the growing scale of the problem in recent years. (...) Madagascar has gradually acquired the sad distinction of being a major destination for sex tourism. Ministry of Tourism statistics show that Madagascar hosted 225,005 tourists in 2011, 15 per cent more than the previous year, and that 58 per cent of the total number of tourists were French.14 Child sex tourism has increased in coastal cities with the recent development of tourism. (...) A/HRC/25/48/Add.2 12 GE.13-19124 Sexual exploitation of children in tourism 54. Sex tourism is defined in article 333 ter of the Criminal Code, as amended by Act No. 2007-038, and article 335.1 provides that “sex tourism shall be punished by a term of forced labour if it involves a child of either sex below the age of 15”. 55.

Lingustic rights and policies and cultural diversity within the education system .................... 9 C. Tourism, world heritage sites, wildlife protection and cultural rights ..................................... 11 IV. (...) A/HRC/31/59/Add.1 11/20 GE.16-00348 (C) C. Tourism, world heritage sites, wildlife protection and cultural rights 44. (...) They feel disempowered as they lack the knowledge of how to benefit from the tourism industry and, for example, how to market their craft. 58.

Within the conservancy area, the Ju/’hoansi in Nyae Nyae have rights to manage natural resources and promote tourism, including through safaris and trophy hunting. (...) In a recent positive development, the Government, through its Ministry of Environment and Tourism, granted Hai//om San a tourism concession within Etosha National Park – the first of its kind. (...) However, Hai//om people with whom the Special Rapporteur met also expressed the concern that only those groups that move to the resettlement farms will benefit from the concession, and that those people who choose to not move to the farms will not be able to profit from tourism activities. In addition, the Hai//om have a strong desire to establish a tourism lodge within the boundaries of the park as part of the concession, an undoubtedly more attractive option in terms of tourism potential than a lodge outside of the park; however, their proposal in this regard was rejected by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, with the justification that only Namibia Wildlife Resorts, a State-owned enterprise, may operate lodges within protected areas in Namibia. 44.

She also met artists, academics, teachers, directors and staff working in research institutes or cultural institutions, representatives of civil society, members of ethnic communities, people involved in the tourism industry and representatives of United Nations agencies. 2. (...) There is increased focus on cultural heritage as a resource for development and poverty reduction through, for example, developing tourism and festivals, or re-establishing and further developing the production of craftwork for export. The Government is conscious of the need to protect and safeguard cultural heritage, in particular from the possible negative impact of tourism policies and the commercialization of culture. 1.

Clearly, the flourishing tourism that involves many Cubans is a promising trend and an opportunity for economic development, in particular for self- employment (i.e. for cuentapropistas). 9. However, in the tourism sector especially, demand for commercial sexual services could emerge as an underlying factor contributing to trafficking in women and children for sexual exploitation. (...) Within the Ministry of Tourism, the Office of Security and Protection specifically focuses on preventing Cuba being depicted as a sex tourism destination.20 The Ministry of Education addresses child trafficking through, inter alia, its prevention and protection actions and also contributes to combating illegal adoption. 41.

A significant number of projects, such as those listed under climate change, waste management, coastal and marine resources, freshwater resources, land resources, biodiversity and tourism resources, aimed at environmental protection and resources conservation. (...) Focusing on drug control in Latin America and the Caribbean region, its projects cover several programme areas, ranging from reducing demand for drugs and law enforcement to preventive education, drug control and tourism, and women in development. By mid-1998, the organization had provided some 14 million US dollars for implementing these projects; it has committed another 12 million US dollars to projects currently under way; and has planned to provide some 16 million US dollars over the next five years. 22. (...) Energy resources Japan Recipient: Mauritius Project: Study of long-term national energy plan to obtain scientific information 1.6 million 1996/1997 Japan Recipient: Maldives Project: Atoll Island Electrification 7.1 million 1996/1998 Phase II Japan Recipient: Palau Project: Upgrading of electric power to increase electricity supply 10.8 million 1997/1998 A/53/358 21 Country Description of Projects Cost in USD Dates of Initiation & Completion Observations Japan Recipient: Palau Project: Development of electric power system 12.8 million 1994/1996 Three phases Japan Recipient: Samoa Project: Rural electrification 4.3 million 1993/1996 Japan Recipient: Sao Tome and Principe Project: Study on construction of mini hydro-electric power station 1.2 million 1996/1997 Feasibility confirmed Japan Recipient: Vanuatu Project: Hydroelectric power development 11.3 million 1993/1996 New Zealand Recipient: Pacific region Project: Energy resources analysis; outer islands energy supply; alternative energy 2.5 million 1994/1998 Various projects VIII. Tourism resources New Zealand Recipients: Cook Islands, Solomon Islands Project: Tourism development and promotion; ecotourism 3.5 million 1994/1998 Various projects IX.

The lack of data is also due to the inadequate monitoring of high-risk localities, such as brothels, places where children work, border blind spots, Internet cafés, etc. Sex tourism involving children and online pornography are also, in general, not adequately controlled. (...) Other drivers include easy access to information and communications technologies, the expansion of the market for sex tourism involving children, impunity and the failure to consistently seek out and apprehend those who sell and sexually exploit children. 16. (...) The Honduran Tourist Board (made up of 20 regional boards) has, in conjunction with the Ministry of Tourism and the Tourism Institute, drawn up a programme to prevent sex tourism involving children and adolescents by raising awareness and providing information, training and a code of conduct. 58.

Sexual exploitation of children in the context of travel and tourism 17. Montenegro is a tourist destination. (...) The Special Rapporteur also learned that several awareness-raising and training activities have taken place and over 200 representatives of the tourism industry have signed the code of conduct for the protection of children from sexual exploitation in travel and tourism. 21. (...) In order to facilitate cooperation and communication, the Special Rapporteur recommends the appointment of a focal point on tourism in the Ministry of the Interior to liaise with the Ministry of Economic Development, which is responsible for tourism.