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Second, the constitution of an effective security sector (or its recon- struction) often emerges as an indispensable element in political reconcilia- tion and conclusion of a final peace settlement within war-torn societies. (...) The democratic control of armed forces represents an indispensable element of stability and security, while also being an important expression of democracy. (...) However, it is notable that the Charter for European Security adopted at the Istanbul Summit of the OSCE in 1999 introduced a new element: the fight against corruption (paragraph 33).

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS WHILE COUNTERING TERRORISM, MARTIN SCHEININ : ADDENDUM

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS WHILE COUNTERING TERRORISM, MARTIN SCHEININ : ADDENDUM

The public access to court hearings is a fundamental requirement in a democratic society. The principle of public proceedings implies that citizens and media professionals should be allowed access to the court rooms in which judicial proceedings take place. (...) A/73/831 E/2019/56 16/20 19-06098 الموجهة إلى األمين العام من 2019 يسااااانريلريم ٣المةر ة المرفق الثالث للرسااااالة الممثم الدائم لتركيا لدى األمم المتحدة Explanatory note Transparency is a fundamental element of the judicial process. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. (...) In early 2013, noting that a fundamental element in the judicial process in a state that upholds human rights and the rule of law, namely, the principle of transparency, had yet to be addressed in a comprehensive manner, the United Nations Development Programme in Turkey, at the request of the Court of Cassation of Turkey, commissioned the preparation of a draft statement on transparency in the judicial process.

Furthermore, the Constitution stipulates that the fundamental human rights treaties shall take precedence over the laws in case of contradiction between these norms. (...) In other words, being armed constitutes an essential element of this offence. In addition, the structure of the organization, the number of its members as well as its logistical capacity should be available for committing the contemplated offences. (...) Paragraph 15, Recommendation (m) (page 6) The mandate entrusted to the Special Rapporteur on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while encountering terrorism by Resolution 2005/80 of the Commission on Human Rights, is limited to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, alleged violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism with special attention to areas not covered by existing mandate holders, compatibility of measures to counter terrorism with international standards on human rights and fundamental freedoms.

AN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL BASIS FOR THE RIGHT TO SANITATION 2.1 An element of other rights A range of international human rights and humanitarian law instruments explicitly protect and promote access to sanitation. (...) If access to sanitation is an essential element of the right to an adequate standard of living or the right to health, is it so grand a step to speak of a right to sanitation? (...) In the case of the right to water, the issue was how does one delineate between fundamental and non- fundamental uses when water is ubiquitous in human life.

• According to Greek Criminal Law, for the completion of both crimes of “malicious blasphemy” and “insulting religion”, the “malicious” character of the criminal conduct of the perpetrator is required, as a mens rea element. Therefore, any mere expression of opinion, even in the form of objection, disapproval or disagreement, cannot be regarded as “malicious blasphemy” or “insulting religion” (...) • In conclusion, Greece emphasizes the substantial promotion and protection of freedom of expression -as a fundamental prerequisite for building inclusive democracies and enhancing intercultural dialogue, peace and good governance- by undertaking various initiatives towards this direction.

Recent progress 11. It is fundamental to recognize the recent progress made in Bangladesh despite so many climatic and other challenges. (...) Civil and political rights are directly justiciable, although economic, social and cultural rights are defined as fundamental principles of State policy, but are not automatically justiciable. (...) Although the right to food is not directly justiciable,ix its inclusion as a fundamental principle of State policy is important because it serves to guide interpretation of fundamental rights, including the right to life protected by article 32.x The courts are increasingly using the “fundamental principles” to interpret the meaning of the “fundamental rights”, as evidenced by a number of recent decisions of the Supreme Court.

Territorial integrity of States is a fundamental principle and international law prohibits aggression against the territorial integrity of States and it is imperative. 10. (...) The opinion that secession is not an obligatory element of the right to self- determination gains more acceptance in the legal theory. (...) Moreover, vociferate assertions that “the authorities of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic have unilaterally acceded to the fundamental instruments of international law and transposed these instruments into their own legislation” (as reflected in paragraph 23.) are inappropriate and override fundamental instruments of international law.

Gusmão emphasized that security is the most fundamental service provided by a state to its people, and a primary pillar of the social contract. (...) It was underlined that the round table reaffirmed SSR as a core element of the sustaining peace and sustainable development agendas. (...) (c) Financing: ensure that the United Nations system, Member States and other partners have the necessary tools, capacities and political support to advance nationally led efforts as a core element of sustaining peace across the peace continuum.