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It became a republic in 1968 under the presidency of Ibrahim Nasir, three years after gaining independence. President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom first came to office in 1978 and dominated the political scene until October 2008 following the first ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multiparty system. (...) This new found freedom of speech was reportedly abused by all sides of the political struggle with the media being used as a tool by political parties to discredit each other, and gain political standing. A plethora of articles and reports issued by the media which were deemed as defamatory opened the flood gates for a number of criminal defamation cases. 2.

Организация Объединенных Наций A/77/224 Генеральная Ассамблея Distr.: General 25 July 2022 Russian Original: English 22-11652 (R)

In addition, the North-South peace process heightened awareness about marginalization of the entire area by the Government and raised expectations about the potential value of rebellion from which the South was apparently gaining. 14. In early 2003, the rebels staged a surprise attack that devastated the government military and police forces in the region, many of whom lacked the will to fight against their own people.

Kok Ksor was sent to the US. by the founder, and leader, of the FULRO, General Y-Bham Enoul, with a mission of gaining world assistance for the Degar people. He was directed and empowered by khc General to explore every peaceful avenue for the reinstatement of the legitimate right of the Degar people under international law”.

A/HRC/46/75 GE.21-03416 13 conditions and made it difficult for migrants to enjoy their basic rights and gain access to basic necessities such as water, shelter and food. (...) On the basis of its remote and on-site monitoring activities, OHCHR remains concerned about the situation of people on the move, including their ability to enjoy basic rights and gain access to basic necessities such as food, shelter and water.

In discussion countries generally endorsed the proposals that more focus should be given to issues of: a) the benefits and challenges; b) protecting confidentiality; c) gaining public confidence; d) ensuring data quality; e) project managing the contracts; f) seeking the best value-for-money solution rather than the cheapest; and g) ensuring complete compatibility between the questionnaire printing and scanning operations. 45.

While it is essential to maintain focus on the State duty to provide for effective judicial remedy, in many contexts, victims may perceive that they do not have any realistic prospect of gaining access to judicial remedy. That may be because of practical barriers, such as costs, or because of a lack of trust in the judicial system. (...) In such cases, dispute resolution and grievance mechanisms may result in situations where one part of a community could gain advantages over another. In those complex situations, escalation to judicial mechanisms may be a better option.

In the present report, the Working Group uses the term “mercenary” as defined in article 1 of the International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, namely, any person who (a) is especially recruited locally or abroad in order to fight in an armed conflict; (b) is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar rank and functions in the armed forces of that party; (c) is neither a national of a party to the conflict nor a resident of territory controlled by a party to the conflict; (d) is not a member of the armed forces of a party to the conflict; and (e) has not been sent by a State which is not a party to the conflict on official duty as a member of its armed forces. 5. (...) A/HRC/18/32/Add.2 GE.11-14384 5 a concerted act of violence aimed at (i) overthrowing a Government or otherwise undermining the constitutional order of a State; and (ii) undermining the territorial integrity of a State; (b) is motivated to take part therein essentially by the desire for significant private gain and is prompted by the promise or payment of material compensation; (c) is neither a national nor a resident of the State against which such an act is directed; (d) has not been sent by a State on official duty; and (e) is not a member of the armed forces of the State on whose territory the act is undertaken. 5. (...) Indeed, according to the above-mentioned United States Senate report, these funds are not re-invested in public services for the benefit of the general population, but are misused by a small group of individuals holding power; anybody who takes power in Equatorial Guinea therefore knows that they will also have access to these funds. It appears that gaining control over the country’s oil revenues was the main motivation behind the coup attempt in 2004.

С тех пор данный термин охватывает многопрофильную деятель- ность и задачи в различных областях – от разоружения боевых формирований до восстановления политических, экономических, судебных и общественных институтов7. 4 Чрезвычайные ситуации традиционно подразделяются на быстро развивающиеся бедствия, хронические конфликты, 4забытые4 и цикличные. 5 “Conflict remains an important source of vulnerability, but other hazards and risks are gaining prominence. Increasingly we will see climate change, urbanization, migration, access to food, and technological disasters all acting at once and further compounding risks and vulnerabilities”.

In spite of that, the Special Rapporteur remains concerned that the principle of non-refoulement is being eroded, considering the sharp increase in immigration arrests of migrants and refugees, and the difficulties they experience in gaining access, once detained, to legal representation, civil society organizations or international organizations.