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Regarding violence and crime in rural areas, OHCHR continued to observe difficulties in gaining access to justice. The staff of the Office of the Attorney General faced ongoing difficulties in reaching remote areas to fulfil their functions.

Moreover, as mobile technology has become cheaper due to the competitive market, individuals in the cities and rural areas are gaining access to the Internet through their smartphones, as is happening across Africa. (...) Such communities have just as much a right to access information as anyone else, and to the extent that such access is denied, they will find it harder to gain access to sources of information, ideas, education and so forth.

A/HRC/39/L.16 4 GE.18-15608 Alarmed by the increasing number of peasants and other people working in rural areas forcibly evicted or displaced every year, Alarmed also by the high incidence of suicide of peasants in several countries, Stressing that peasant women and other rural women play a significant role in the economic survival of their families and in contributing to the rural and national economy, including through their work in the non-monetized sectors of the economy, but are often denied tenure and ownership of land, equal access to land, productive resources, financial services, information, employment or social protection, and are often victims of violence and discrimination in a variety of forms and manifestations, Stressing also the importance of promoting and protecting the rights of the child in rural areas, including through the eradication of poverty, hunger and malnutrition, the promotion of quality education and health, protection from exposure to chemicals and wastes, and the elimination of child labour, in accordance with relevant human rights obligations, Stressing further that several factors make it difficult for peasants and other people working in rural areas, including small-scale fishers and fish workers, pastoralists, foresters and other local communities to make their voices heard, to defend their human rights and tenure rights, and to secure the sustainable use of the natural resources on which they depend, Recognizing that access to land, water, seeds and other natural resources is an increasing challenge for rural people, and stressing the importance of improving access to productive resources and investment in appropriate rural development, Convinced that peasants and other people working in rural areas should be supported in their efforts to promote and undertake sustainable practices of agricultural production that support and are in harmony with nature, also referred to as Mother Earth in a number of countries and regions, including by respecting the biological and natural ability of ecosystems to adapt and regenerate through natural processes and cycles, Considering the hazardous and exploitative conditions that exist in many parts of the world under which many peasants and other people working in rural areas have to work, often denied the opportunity to exercise their fundamental rights at work, and lacking living wages and social protection, Concerned that individuals, groups and institutions that promote and protect the human rights of those working on land and natural resources issues face a high risk of being subject to different forms of intimidation and of violations of their physical integrity, Noting that peasants and other people working in rural areas often face difficulties in gaining access to courts, police officers, prosecutors and lawyers to the extent that they are unable to seek immediate redress or protection from violence, abuse and exploitation, Concerned about speculation on food products, the increasing concentration and unbalanced distribution of food systems and the uneven power relations along the value chains, which impair the enjoyment of human rights, Reaffirming that the right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized, Recalling the right of peoples to exercise, subject to the relevant provisions of both International Covenants on Human Rights, full and complete sovereignty over all their natural wealth and resources, Recognizing that the concept of food sovereignty has been used in many States and regions to designate the right to define their food and agriculture systems and the right to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods that respect human rights, Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he or she belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Declaration and in national law, A/HRC/39/L.16 GE.18-15608 5 Reaffirming the importance of respecting the diversity of cultures and of promoting tolerance, dialogue and cooperation, Recalling the extensive body of conventions and recommendations of the International Labour Organization on labour protection and decent work, Recalling also the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Recalling further the extensive work of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Committee on World Food Security on the right to food, tenure rights, access to natural resources and other rights of peasants, in particular the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the Organization’s Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small- Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication and the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security, Recalling the outcome of the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development and the Peasants Charter adopted thereat, in which the need for the formulation of appropriate national strategies for agrarian reform and rural development, and their integration with overall national development strategies, was emphasized, Reaffirming that the present Declaration and relevant international agreements shall be mutually supportive with a view to enhancing the protection of human rights, Determined to take new steps forward in the commitment of the international community with a view to achieving substantial progress in human rights endeavours by an increased and sustained effort of international cooperation and solidarity, Convinced of the need for greater protection of the human rights of peasants and other people working in rural areas, and for a coherent interpretation and application of existing international human rights norms and standards in this matter, Solemnly adopts the following declaration on the rights of peasants and other people working in rural areas: Article 1 1.

El Salvador, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights refers to the procedural actions related to the Armed Forces, and notes the difficulty in gaining access to information in the “logbooks”, which might presumably contain information needed to clarify the facts related to enforced disappearances. 59. (...) These three types of offence have the following in common: (a) They make any State employee or official who allows anyone to gain access to State information liable to sentences of between two and six years; (b) The information protected by the State by means of the application of these sanctions is considered to be a “restricted” document, a “political secret” or a “closed document or military secret”. 61.

Several Al- Shabaab fighters have moved from the South Central Region to Somaliland and Puntland, although it appears that they are more interested in recruitment than gaining control of these areas.5 Puntland also faced continuous challenges from the Al-Shabaab-linked Galgala insurgents, freelance militias, and pirates.6 15.

The Secretary of State, Plenipotentiary for Equal Treatment stated that the un- employment rate has decreased to approximately 10 per cent, but that women con- tinue to have difficulties gaining access to job opportunities. The main challenge is to develop strategies which encourage women to be active in various sectors of soci- A/HRC/14/32/Add.3 GE.10-13878 11 ety, such as in local government.

Despite important legislative progress,17 women still face difficulties in gaining access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services.

GE.13-10434 (R) 310113 260213 Совет по правам человека Двадцать вторая сессия Пункт 3 повестки дня Поощрение и

Afrophobia and racial discrimination are manifest in the lack of protection afforded to people of African descent, a vulnerable group, in the difficulty that people of African descent have in gaining access to justice and in the failure to prosecute and provide reparation and remedy.

Historical context: 2002 and 2010 armed conflicts 12. After gaining independence in 1960, Côte d’Ivoire enjoyed a period of peace and economic progress under the leadership of Félix Houphouët-Boigny. (...) Some are receiving significant financial payments for their services, prompting the Working Group to consider identifying them as “mercenary-related” actors given that some are foreigners and carrying out their functions exclusively for monetary gain. 4. Weak State institutions 51. (...) They took sides in the conflict and some became combatants, motivated by both political allegiance and financial gain. The delegation was informed that some private security personnel or combatants were currently participating in the disarmament and demobilization programme.