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All Parties provided information on mitigation targets or mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans in their NDCs (see figure 1), which range from economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets to strategies, plans and actions for low-emission development, to be implemented within a specified time frame or implementation period: (a) Some Parties included absolute emission reduction targets expressed as an emission reduction from the level in a specified base year, ranging from 7.2 to 88.0 per cent. (...) In addition, a few of these Parties expressed their target as a carbon budget in addition to the absolute target, establishing an overall limit on GHGs to be emitted over a specified period of time (e.g. (...) FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/8 GE.21-13138 15 Figure 1 Types of mitigation target and share of Parties that communicated them in nationally determined contributions 64.

Efforts are being devoted to improve rural infrastructures, especially rural roads through the Expanded Public Works Programme. (...) The efforts of the Government to improve the quality of the support given to farmers could benefit from two important shifts. (...) Third, sourcing policies could serve to improve the access to markets for the benefit of small-scale farmers.

FC C C /SBI/2010/20 G E .10 -63391 9 Annexe [English only] Capacity-building activities undertaken between September 2009 and August 2010 Table 1 Activities in support of institutional capacity-building Activity Purpose/target of activity Date and location Agencies and institutions involved Activity report or web link for further information Establishment of a National Weather Risk Management Framework in Ethiopia to climate-proof the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) and improve emergency response In line with its strategic objective to “strengthen the capacity of countries to reduce hunger” the World Food Programme’s (WFP) Livelihoods, Early Assessment, Protection (LEAP) project in Ethiopia assisted the Government of Ethiopia to establish a national weather risk management framework. One of the main objectives is to improve the flexibility of the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) to respond to more severe extreme weather events, ensuring sustainability and effectiveness of the PSNP in view of climate change. (...) This led to the release of a new version of the ALU software on the third day of the training containing some improvements (functionalities) requested by the experts 20–23 October 2009 Manila, the Philippines • Department of Environment and Natural Resources of the Philippines; • UNFCCC, under the SEA GHG Project FC C C /SBI/2010/20 G E .10 -63391 21 Activity Purpose/target of activity Date and location Agencies and institutions involved Activity report or web link for further information Review of Draft National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases for Second National Communication of Mauritius Mauritius was preparing its second national communication and aimed at completing the document for cabinet’s approval in early 2010.

FCCC/KP/AWG/2008/L.8 page 3 Annex I [ENGLISH ONLY] Views expressed by Parties on possible improvements to emissions trading and the project-based mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol, as means that may be available to Annex I Parties to reach their emission reduction targets, compiled by the Chair of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol This annex is the compilation of views of Parties and does not prejudge any actions by the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) I. (...) Differentiate the treatment of Parties under the CDM: (a) Define eligible Parties through use of indicators; (b) Improve access to CDM projects by certain host Parties. 9. (...) Introduce emissions trading based on sectoral targets. 33. Introduce emissions trading on the basis of nationally appropriate mitigation actions. 34.

However, in its 2017 report on health, education and unemployment targets, 17 the Government recognizes that only one of the seven targets — to halve the gap in Year 12 attainment rates — is on track. The Government did not expect to meet targets to close or reduce the gap in the remaining six targets, including on life expectancy, infant mortality, education and employment. (...) It is woefully inadequate that, despite having enjoyed over two decades of economic growth, Australia has not been able to improve the social disadvantage of its indigenous population.

A range of novel approaches to pre-empt disease are also being developed, including making use of advances in the understanding of infections to enable non-pathogenic bacteria to protect against pathogenic viruses, as well as efforts to improve how our immune systems function.42 6. (...) Developments in the understanding of human metabolic network topology in disease have led to the development of multi-target drugs designed to disrupt disease- related molecular networks.6667 Equally, advances in sequencing capabilities have enabled the use of comparative genome wide analysis to identify novel targets for drugs. (...) Over the past five years there have been advances that improve capabilities to investigate if an attack has taken place and who might be responsible.

FC C C /SBI/2009/10 G E .09 -64702 9 Annexe [ENGLISH ONLY] Capacity-building activities undertaken between September 2008 and August 20091 Table 1 Activities in support of institutional capacity-building Activity Purpose/target of activity Date and location Agencies and Institutions involved Activity report or web link for further information Green Economy Initiative Support governments to reshape and refocus policies, investments and spending on a range of green economic sectors that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, (including renewable energies, efficient transportation, efficient buildings, and sustainable agriculture and forests) and improve decision making so that it takes account of environmental considerations September 2008–August 2009 Global Regional National UNEP http://www.unep.org/ greeneconomy Global and national climate change assessment package Build capacity of national climate change scientists and practitioners (public and private sector), develop capacity support systems for decision-makers to mainstream climate change issues into their national strategies and their decisions for action, strengthen existing process and developing new institutions to access customized locally-relevant climate impact research and information into national planning UNEP Capacity-building Activities by Provincial Programmes for Climate Change Mitigation Adaptation in China (PCCP) Support the Government of China in translating its National Climate Change Programme (NCCP) launched in June 2007 into on-the-ground action by developing local policies, institutional frameworks, partnerships and implementation capacities, and to share China's experience with other key Asian countries in the global fight against climate change Ongoing UNDP 1 The content of these tables is not complete, and is based on information available at the time of preparation of the report. FC C C /SBI/2009/10 10 G E .09 -64702 Activity Purpose/target of activity Date and location Agencies and Institutions involved Activity report or web link for further information Supporting the Government to Coordinate Climate Change Issues in Indonesia Support National Council on Climate Change to coordinate all national stakeholders in combating climate change, including policy and program formulation, implementation of mitigation and adaptation action, carbon market formulation and evaluation of ongoing programs on climate change July 2009 UNDP Providing technical support to the creation of a high level national advisory group on climate change in El Salvador 2008/2009, El Salvador UNDP http://www.marn.gob.sv/ ? (...) Ongoing UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/adaptation/ nairobi_workprogramme/ adaptation_practices_interface/ items/4555.php Nairobi work programme expert meeting on socio- economic information under the Nairobi work programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change An expert meeting on ways and means to improve the integration of socio-economic information into impact and vulnerability assessments, including as they relate to adaptation planning Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago 10–12 March 2008 UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/ documentation/documents/ advanced_search/items/ 3594.php?

Nations Unies FCCC/SBI/2015/10 Convention-cadre sur les changements climatiques Distr. générale 16 juillet 2015 Français Original : anglais GE.15-12078 (F) 051115

Other possible improvements to emissions trading and the project-based mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol.................................................................................... 41 V. (...) On the approaches to identify the scale of emission reductions to be achieved by Annex I Parties in aggregate, many Parties reiterated the need for Annex I Parties to take on ambitious emission reduction targets and to achieve deep cuts in emissions in order to attain the ultimate objective of the Convention. (...) On the approaches to identify the scale of emission reductions to be achieved by Annex I Parties individually or jointly, a number of Parties emphasized that while some common principles could be applied (see para. 13 below), individual or joint targets should be differentiated to take into account differences

The 2030 and 2050 targets are incorporated in the Climate Change Act of 2017. Norway is also encouraging the European Union to increase its 2030 climate target from 40 per cent to 55 per cent below 1990 levels. 33. (...) These improvements reinforce the importance of taking an integrated approach to air pollution and climate change.