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Por ejemplo, quienes comenten sus delitos por Internet suelen ser más jóvenes, y se observa entre ellos un mayor porcentaje de blancos, en el contexto específico de estudios realizados en los Estados Unidos de América 20 . (...) Hay, sin embargo, un grado considerable de superposición entre el grupo de los perpetradores que utilizan Internet y el de los que no lo hacen, por lo que la diferenciación entre los dos grupos puede resultar artificial 22 . 32. (...) También han surgido numerosas iniciativas relacionadas con Internet, como la campaña de prevención “Stop it Now!”

En el marco de una iniciativa anterior, el proyecto MAPPING (Managing Alternatives for Privacy, Property and Internet Governance), que cuenta con el apoyo de la Unión Europea, se están estudiando opciones para un instrumento jurídico que regule la vigilancia en el ciberespacio. (...) Las fuentes de los datos utilizados para los macrodatos son tan variadas como las actividades que se llevan a cabo utilizando la Internet: “Los datos provienen de muchas fuentes distintas, entre ellas, instrumentos científicos, dispositivos médicos, telescopios, microscopios, satélites; medios digitales, incluidos textos, vídeos, grabaciones sonoras, correo electrónico, blogs, mensajes de Twitter, colecciones de imágenes, clics y transacciones financieras; sensores dinámicos, redes sociales y de otra índole; simulaciones científicas, modelos y encuestas; o análisis computacionales de datos procedentes de observación. (...) Ethics and Information Technology, vol. 13, núm. 3 (septiembre de 2011). 32 Véase http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Algorithm.html. 33 Brent Mittelstadt y otros, The ethics of algorithms: mapping the debate, Big Data and Society, vol. 3 núm. 2 (Julio-diciembre de 2016). 34 Véase, por ejemplo, Rebecca Harrington, “Dating services tinker with the algorithms of love”, Scientific American, 13 de febrero de 2015, en https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dating-services-tinker-with-the-algorithms-of-love/. 35 Véase https://motherboard.vice.com/en us/article/4x3pp 9 /the-simple-elegant-algorithm-that- makes-google-maps-possible. 36 Véase Michael Byrne, “The simple, elegant algorithm that makes Google Maps possible”, 22 de marzo de 2015, en http://mitsloan.mit.edu/media/Lo_ConsumerCreditRiskModels.pdf. 37 Brent Mittelstadt y otros, “The ethics of algorithms”.

In 2018, 19.8 per cent of the population in the Gambia was using the Internet, while only 9.6 per cent had a computer at home.18 Many access the Internet at Internet cafés or on their mobile telephone. (...) They often recommend dating websites and help the customers register. (...) It also plans to engage with Internet service providers, Internet cafes and social network platforms to develop child protection codes of conduct, ensure stricter monitoring and filtering and block modules of websites containing child sexual abuse images.

The Special Rapporteur has assessed complaints from civil society that in a number of schools there exist guidelines, which sanction and impose punishments for dating between school students. The facts of the matter are still being verified since it would appear that some of the data on which some of the complaints relied (2009-2013) may be too dated and the problem may have since been largely resolved. (...) In the case of illicit videos circulating online, victims are forced to continuously suffer unless those videos are removed from the Internet. Therefore, deletion support is critical for the recovery of victims. 5 The sudden onset of the COVID-19 pandemic within a few months of the Special Rapporteur visiting Korea has meant that it was not possible to fairly assess whether the recommendation system does in point of fact work or whether it is too weak. (...) The Armed Forces have also confirmed wrongly using dating apps to identify male military personnel who had had sexual intercourse with other male members of the Armed Forces during investigations in 2017 35 individuals, and attempted to intimidate some of them to hand over their mobile phones in order to identify their sex partners.

The Special Rapporteur was pleased to learn about the progress made in the implementation of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act (2013), adopted following the visit of the previous Special Rapporteur in 2012.26 The Act was intended to address flaws in the jurisdictional framework in Indian country which left acts of domestic and dating violence perpetrated by non-indigenous persons unprosecuted. The Act enables tribes to exercise “special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction” over non-Indian perpetrators who commit crimes of domestic or dating violence or violation of certain protection orders in the Indian country of the participating tribe. (...) According to the preliminary findings of a study funded by Department of Justice29 that examined the spike in oil development in North Dakota and Montana in relation to domestic and dating violence, sexual assault and stalking, cities near the epicentre of the oil boom showed an increase in the average number of domestic violence victims, with the Bakken region evidencing certain officially reported offences at a rate that was significantly outpaced by population growth.

She visited the Internet Hotline Centre, and met with representatives of the Internet Content Safety Association and the Safer Internet Association. 4. (...) Thereafter, the Association provides Internet service providers and mobile network operators with lists of Internet addresses to be blocked. (...) Managed by the Internet Association Japan, it is a member of the International Network of Internet Hotlines and funded by the National Police Agency.

Concerning child pornography, the National Bureau of Interpol is working together with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States of America in a special group monitoring the Internet. Ukraine also ratified the Convention on Cybercrime.

E/CN.4/2004/9/Add.2 página 10 3. Internet-related crimes 28. In the current information era, some forms of child sexual exploitation occur through the Internet. The Unit to Prevent and Repress Crimes committed through the Internet, associated with the federal police in Rio de Janeiro (Núcleo de Prevenção e Repressão de Crimes via Internet, NUNET) reported that 70 per cent of the Internet-related crimes reported from May 2000 to November 2003 pertained to child pornography. Nevertheless, cases of Internet child pornography reported to the police are decreasing.

Para garantizar que las ciudadanas extranjeras que han sido objeto de prácticas nocivas dispongan de medios inmediatos de reparación y protección, la Oficina del Gabinete ha preparado y distribuido a las organizaciones pertinentes material informativo dirigido a las víctimas extranjeras, y también proporciona información útil para apoyar a las víctimas de la violencia doméstica en Internet, que incluye información en ocho idiomas. (...) En lo que respecta a la explotación sexual de niños, sobre la base del Plan Básico de Medidas contra la Explotación Sexual de Niños de 2022, formulado durante la Reunión Ministerial sobre Medidas contra la Delincuencia en mayo de 2022, los ministerios y organismos pertinentes han promovido ampliamente diversas medidas, entre ellas la prevención y la represión de la distribución y visualización de imágenes de pornografía infantil en Internet, y la protección de los niños víctimas. 47.

In another report, dated 2014, it was indicated that, based on a radiocarbon dating of only four samples, the inhumations predate 1950. (...) This provision is included in legislation dating back to 1988 and the amounts have not been updated since 2009.