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Input to the present report. 7 E/C N .17/1999/6/A dd .11 Annex I Major initiatives for sustainable tourism development in small island developing States, by location Location Goals Favourable key factors Problems encountered Measures adopted Successful outcomes Mauritius To enhance cohesion among Island natural and cultural Severe environmental impact Establishment of the Ministry Intense tourism development economic development, resources (mainly along the coast) of the Environment and sociocultural change and Quality of Life Diversification of island island ecology Ready air access economy Readily available funding enhance cohesion among Developed infrastructure and complexes Master tourism plan to ensure Initiatives designed to sectors of the economy sustainability Legislative measures for conserving the environment in tourism areas Maldives Rapid tourism development: “Isolated tourism enclave” Little integration between Partial moratorium on tourist Impact of foreign cultures planning of physical plants model tourism and the rest of the accommodations contained and incentives for foreign island economy capital investment and Easy air access Regulations strengthened Rapid development of the reduction of environmental Insufficient employment of sector impact Long-term foreign financing the island population in the Environmental Protection for sector development sector and Conservation Act enacted Contribution to the economy: Severe environmental impact Environmental impact studies 11 % of jobs, 33 % of carried out and work on immigrant employment development indicators initiated Measures put in place for the protection of coral reefs and coastal systems and the conservation of ecosystems 30 % of government revenue, 8 E/CN.17/1999/6/Add.11 Lo c a ti o n G o a ls F a v o u r a bl e ke y fa c to r s P ro bl e m s e n c o u n te re d M ea su re s a do pt e d Su c c e ss fu lo u tc o m e s D o m in ic a n R ep ub lic Pr om o tin g to u ri sm H u m an , n at u ra la n d cu ltu ra l In fr as tr u ct u re sh o rt ag e Co n st ru ct io n o fh o te ls o n th e In cr ea se d n u m be r o fv is ito rs de v el o pm en ti n th e is la n d as se ts se af ro n t Lo n g- st an di ng tr ad iti on o f m ig ra tio n La rg e pr iv at e pu rc ha se s o f bo os te d (4 8% o ff o re ig n to u ri sm an d fin an ci n g o f ch ea p la n d in u n de v el o pe d ex ch an ge ) to ur is m fa ci lit ie s A dv er se en v ir o n m en ta l lo ca tio ns , pr iv at e se ct o r So ci al im ba la n ce an d So ci o - ec o n o m ic de v el o pm en t im pa ct an d la n ds ca pe ta ki ng re sp on si bi lit y fo r Si gn ifi ca n td ir ec ta n d in di re ct de gr ad at io n bu ild in g ac ce ss an d lo ca l em pl o ym en tc re at ed Pr o lif er at io n o fu n pl an n ed se tt le m en ts Ex pr o pr ia tio n o f1 60 tr an sp o rt in fr as tr u ct u re he ct ar es , fin an ci n g an d in fr as tr u ct ur e de v el op m en t by th e W o rl d B an k, su bs eq u en ts al e o fl an d to pr o m o te rs So ut h Pa ci fi c is la nd s m ic ro -S ta te s Co n tr o lle d ex pa n si o n o ft he N o v e la lte rn a tiv e to th e m as s D iff ic ul tie sr e la tin g to a c c e ss M a in te n a n c e o fi nd ig en o u s Sl o w , co n tr o lle d gr o w th se ct o r w ith a co m m itm en tt o to u ri sm m o de l to th e is la n ds ac tiv iti es an d se lf- su pp or tin g al te rn at iv e su st ai na bl e fa m ily ag ri cu ltu re Co n tr ib ut io n to th e ec o n o m y: to ur is m de v el o pm en t Cr ite ri a: ad ap ta tio n to lo ca l Li m ita tio ns an d fr ag ili ty o f 6% o fr ev en u es : 10 -1 5% o f re al iti es , pr es er v at io n o f th e is la n ds ’ en v ir o n m en t In ce n tiv es fo r in v o lv em en ti n em pl oy m en ti n 19 93 n at ur al an d cu ltu ra lh er ita ge lo ca lb us in es s an d fo r V u ln er ab ili ty to n at ur al in te gr at io n w ith th e re st o f di sa st er s th e is la n d ec o n o m y St ra te gi es to co n tr o lg ro w th o fs ec to r de v el op m en ti n ba la n ce w ith th e is la n ds ’ in fr as tr u ct ur e, v al u es , cu ltu re s 9 E/C N .17/1999/6/A dd .11 Location Goals Favourable key factors Problems encountered Measures adopted Successful outcomes Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles) Promotion of tourism without Well preserved natural Visible environmental impact Tourism master plan Environmental impact overloading the island’s scenery along the coast minimized carrying capacity Measures to protect the Good climate all year round island’s natural systems Sector prospered Uncrowded living Promotion of measures to environment provide for the tourist market Hospitable nature of its local A seven-year moratorium on community new construction Incentives for the modernization of the existing facilities Encouragement of use of local resources Information for preserving ethnic cultures Legal, institutional and organizational changes Source: F. Pratz, “Tourism, environment and sustainable development in islands: 15 ideas and nine cases for debate”, paper presented at an international conference on sustainable tourism in small island developing States and other islands, Lanzarote, Canary Islands, October 1998. 10 E/C N .17/1999/6/A dd .11 Annex II Major initiatives for sustainable tourism development in small island developing States, by target area Target area Country/geographical area/organization Action planned/taken Realized/expected outcomes Regional cooperation Caribbean region Finalization of the Cartagena Convention in the wider Prevention, reduction and control of marine Caribbean region pollution from land-based sources and activities OECS/Eastern Caribbean Creation of a technical committee on sustainable tourism Strategy and plan of action for the development in 1998 development of sustainable tourism in the Caribbean Caribbean islands Establishment of a code of conduct for the prevention of Compliance to the requirements of the pollution from small ships MARPOL 73/78 Convention Use of economic instruments Bonaire Marine Park (Netherlands Levying of admissions fees on scuba divers Generation of revenue to support ongoing Antilles) active management of the park natural ecosystems, as well as educational activities for divers; minimization of the impact on reefs Seychelles Plan to introduce a US$ 90 tax on travellers Generation of revenue to preserve the environment and improve tourism facilities Capacity-building Asia and Pacific region (Economic Establishment of Asia-Pacific Education and Training Institute Self-financing through the levying of and Social Commission for Asia and in Tourism admissions fees on scuba divers; fees support the Pacific) ongoing active management of the park natural ecosystems, as well as educational activities for divers Caribbean (UNEP) Development of the Caribbean Environment Network by the Provision of special training to civil servants Consortium of Caribbean Universities for Natural Resources and private entrepreneurs on the main Management scientific principles governing coastal areas Jamaica (USAID funds) Implementation of environmental audits for sustainable tourism Increased environmental awareness of the by the Jamaica Hotel Association hotel sector and technical skills of Jamaicans performing the audits 11 E/CN.17/1999/6/Add.11 Ta rg e t a re a C ou nt r y/ ge o gr a ph ic a la re a /o rg an iz a ti o n Ac ti o n pl a n n e d/ ta ke n R e a liz e d/ e x pe c te d o u tc o m e s Po lic y a n d st ra te gy a tn a tio n a l le v el Cy pr u s In tr o du ct io n o fa n ew to u ri sm de v el op m en tp ol ic y (1 99 0) an d Co n tr o lle d de v el o pm en t, di ve rs ifi ca tio n an d fu rt he r m ea su re s in 19 95 en ri ch m en to ft he to u ri sm pr o du ct , pr o te ct io n an d en ha n ce m en to fn at u ra l, so ci al an d cu ltu ra le n v ir o n m en t Sa in tL u ci a Fo rm u la tio n o fp ol ic ie s fo r th e to u ri sm pr o du ct ;a fiv e- ye ar Su cc es sf u lm ar ke tin g o fS ai n tL u ci a as a st ra te gy an d m ill en n iu m ac tio n pl an to u ri st de st in at io n; ef fe ct iv e gu id an ce to th e to ur is m in du st ry , in cl u di ng pr io ri ty ac tio ns by th e in du st ry fo r en v ir o n m en ta lp ro te ct io n So lo m o n Is la n ds /M ar o v o La go o n Ec o to u ri sm as so ci at io n es ta bl is he d by th e co m m u n ity C on ce n tr at io n o fd ev el o pm en to n lo ca l Co m m u n ity en te rp ri se s, su ch as ec o to u ri sm lo dg es an d su st ai n ab le fis he ri es v en tu re s Pa rt ic ip at io n o fl o ca l co m m u n iti es Sa in tL u ci a In v o lv em en to fa lo ca lly ba se d N G O in th e m an ag em en to ft he A st ud y to id en tif y an d de si gn ap pr o pr ia te So u fr iè re m ar in e m an ag em en ta re a re gu la to ry in st ru m en ts , al o n gs id e a n at io n al pr o ce ss le ad in g to th e de v el op m en to fa n o v er al ll eg is la tiv e ba se fo r m an ag em en to f Sa in tL u ci a’ s co as ta lz o n e Ja m ai ca /B lu e an d Jo hn Cr o w N at io na l In v o lv em en to fl o ca lc o m m u n iti es in ad vi si ng pa rk m an ag er s G ra du al de v el op m en to ft o u ri sm in th e pa rk , Pa rk th ro u gh lo ca la dv is o ry co m m itt ee s as o n e m ea n s th ro u gh w hi ch th e pa rk ca n ge n er at e re v en u es So ur c e : U N EP da ta .

On 7 May 1994, at 2330 hours, Iraqi forces fired 10 flare bullets from the geographic coordinates of TP1500099000 of Eestgah-e-Navad. The flare bullets lit up the area over Iranian territory. 94-34152 (E) 260894 /... (...) On 18 May 1994, at 2010 hours, a group of Iraqi scuba divers crossed the border at Arvandrood with the intention of approaching the Iranian sentry post at the geographic coordinates of TP5060044200 of Khosroabad.

An accomplished painter, sculptor, photographer, writer and scuba diver, he has travelled the farthest reaches of the globe for more than 25 years, capturing the raw power and beauty of the undersea universe. 3.

Minor uses of lead with potential for releases during the use phase (i) Balancing weights for vehicles; (ii) Brake linings for vehicles; (iii) Candle wicks; (iv) Fireworks; (v) Fishing equipment; (vi) Gasoline additives; (vii) Pigment in paint and rust inhibitive primers; (viii) Pipes, solders and joints for drinking water supply; (ix) Weights, for example, scuba diving weights; (x) Wine foil wrappers and lead solder in food cans.

Tourism and recreational activities (scuba diving, snorkelling, sport fishing), can lead to damage to coral reefs and subsequent impacts on coastal protection and fisheries; (d) Atmosphere. (...) Box 3 Examples of user fees to support environmental conservation The Bonaire Marine Park in the Netherlands Antilles was one of the first protected marine areas in the Caribbean to become entirely self-financing through levying of admission fees on scuba divers. Although the diving industry on Bonaire was initially uneasy about the levy of admission fees, the system has been an unqualified success since it was introduced in January 1992, and divers gave it immediate and wholehearted support.