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  undt-2019-030.pdf

Score: 971328.1 - www.un.org/en/internalj...dt/judgments/undt-2019-030.pdf

  Goal 9 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs

The main sectors assisted were transport ($21.3 billion), and banking and financial services ($15.3 billion). In 2018, the share of medium- and high-technology manufacturing in total manufacturing was 49 per cent in developed regions and 41.4 per cent in developing regions, compared to only 8.9 per cent in the least developed countries. (...) Meanwhile, the share of manufacturing employment in total employment declined from 15.3 per cent in 2000 to 14.7 per cent in 2015 and to 14.2 per cent in 2018, as countries gradually reallocated production factors from agriculture and low-value added manufacturing towards high-value added manufacturing and services. (...) In 2015, the share of manufacturing value added in terms of GDP of developed regions was estimated at 13 per cent, a decrease over the past decade owing largely to the increasing role of services in developed regions.

Score: 880925.2 - https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9

  World Economic Situation and Prospects: May 2020 Monthly Briefing: The pandemic crisis will worsen g

Table 1 Global employment share of different economic activities, 2019 Economic activities Share of global total employment in 2019 (%) Agriculture 26.8 Industry 23.1 Manufacturing 14.0 Construction 7.6 Mining and quarrying 0.7 Services 50.1 Trade Transportation, Accommodation and Food, and Business Services 29.4 Wholesale and retail trade 14.5 Transport; storage and communication 6.1 Real estate; business and administrative activities 4.6 Accommodation and food services 4.2 Education 5.3 Human health and social services 4.1 Source: UN DESA calculations, based on ILO estimates. (...) The slowdown in global demand for manufacturing and commodities will have second order effects on trade-related services, including shipping services, financial services, ground transportation, tourism and travel. Domestic service sector value- added, for example, accounts for nearly 28 per cent of the value of Chinese manufacturing exports.

Score: 872928.5 - https://www.un.org/development...ation/Monthly_Briefing_137.pdf

  Local Multipliers

I Population census collected in Sub-Saharan African countries I Wealth of data I Picture of local employment dynamics and specialisation I Time dynamic (2 census) I Multipliers can be positive, zero or negative I Intuitive hierarchy: Manufacturing > Service > Agriculture I Small territorial boundary that fits the size of Gvt intervention I Work directly on employment I Multipliers wrt skills and employment status I Easy implementation (reduced form equation) I Hypothesis testing I Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Ghana: 2000-2010 (a) Administrative entity Six steps I Identify a country with 2 census containing an employment module I Make consistent the administrative entities over time I Aggregate individual −− > local (sub)sectoral employment statistics I Take the difference over time I Run a reduced form regression regression I Robustness check (IV) Table of existing local multipliers USA USA Sweden Moretti (2010) Dijk (2016) MT (2013) Manufacturing on service 1.59∗∗∗ 1.02∗∗∗ 0.48∗ Manufacturing skilled on service 2.52∗ 1.87 2.97∗∗∗ Manufacturing unskilled on service 1.04 0.5 −0.15 I In USA, 1 job in manufacturing creates 1 job in service I The multiplier increases with skills I No evidence of agglomeration effect LM: manufacturing on service For 1 job created in the manufacturing sector, 3 to 7 jobs are created in the service sector NNTm,t − N NT m,t−1 BJ GH MW ML MZ RW TZ ZM ∆NTm 3.24∗∗ 5.45∗∗∗ 3.91∗∗∗ 6.95∗∗∗ 3.05 7.23∗∗∗ 5.50∗∗∗ 5.86∗∗∗ (1.28) (1.34) (1.08) (0.63) (2.42) (0.78) (0.12) (0.83) N 77 109 183 257 143 100 113 150 R2 0.57 0.57 0.32 0.85 0.13 0.60 0.92 0.71 LM: service on manufacturing Jobs creation in the service sector does not lead to job creation in the manufacturing sector NTm,t − N T m,t−1 BJ GH MW ML MZ RW TZ ZM ∆NNTm 0.18∗∗∗ 0.11∗∗∗ 0.08∗∗ 0.12∗∗∗ 0.04∗∗ 0.08∗∗∗ 0.17∗∗∗ 0.12∗∗∗ (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.02) N 77 109 183 257 143 100 113 150 R2 0.57 0.57 0.32 0.85 0.13 0.60 0.92 0.71 Comparing IO and LM in Rwanda I Manufacturing > service > agriculture ' 0 Local multipliers IO multipliers ma mm ms ma mm ms Agriculture 0.17 -0.05 0.003 0.006 Manufacturing 0.006 7.2∗∗∗ 6.63 1.04 Service -0.58 0.08∗∗∗ 0.35 0.04 I LM of manufacturing on service is larger than IOM I IOM of manufacturing on agriculture over-estimates the impact Local multipliers for disaggregated sectors - Rwanda Manufacturing > service > agriculture Service creates jobs in other service sectors Service Manufacturing Agriculture Metalic, mineral 20.98∗∗∗ 2.32∗∗∗ −10.43∗∗∗ Wood, paper 31.75∗∗∗ 4.29∗∗∗ −11.43∗∗∗ Food, beverage 10.39∗∗∗ 1.08∗∗∗ −2.63∗∗∗ Construction 3.41∗∗∗ 0.38∗∗∗ −0.60∗∗∗ Transport 4.15∗∗∗ 0.58∗∗∗ −0.64∗∗∗ Hotel, restaurant 9.92∗∗∗ 0.97∗∗∗ −1.15∗∗∗ Crops −3.5∗∗∗ −0.65∗∗∗ 0.71∗∗∗ Local multipliers increases with skills and employment status - Rwanda In Rwanda: 1 manufacturing job creates 7 service jobs I 1 high skilled manufacturing jobs creates 12 service jobs I 1 employees manufacturing jobs creates 9 service jobs IV and robustness check IV: Bartik shift share instrument I Reverse causality I Endogeneity Robustness check I Control variables: city size, distance to the main port, neighbouring country, sea dummy I Rural vs urban, excluding largest city I Linear vs. nonlinear estimations Conclusion: Pros of LM I Good complement to IO I Alternative to CGE I Simple reduced form equation I Censuses are widely available I Sectoral employment multipliers I Aggregated and disaggregated sectors I Employment status I Skills I Gender I Age I Migration I Nonlinearities associated with structural transformation Challenges? related to Local Multipliers I Minimum requirement: 2 census with an employment module I Make sense of territorial reforms I Sectoral disaggregation limited by geographic disaggregation I Identification of different transmission channels I Experimental stage: I Construction of IV I Linear vs nonlinear estimation Regression I Estimation of a reduced form equation I ∆NNTm = α + β∆NTm + εm I α: constant I ∆NTm: change in manufacturing employment in municipality m I ∆NNTm : change in service employment in municipality m I εm: error term clustered at municipality level previous slide

Score: 865300.9 - https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/gro...eetingdocument/wcms_702735.pdf

  1 Long-term inflatio

However, the solutions that the service sector creates for the manufacturing sector are not generally applicable to itself: manufacturing standardization possibilities are vastly superior to that of the service sector (especially value-added services). (...) The contribution of services to manufacturing competitiveness. Em: N. MULDER, R. (...) Outsourcing of services and the productivity recovery in U.S. manufacturing in the 1980s and 1990s.

Score: 864967 - https://www.cepal.org/sites/de...sis_of_the_american_case_0.pdf

  1 Long-term inflatio

However, the solutions that the service sector creates for the manufacturing sector are not generally applicable to itself: manufacturing standardization possibilities are vastly superior to that of the service sector (especially value-added services). (...) The contribution of services to manufacturing competitiveness. Em: N. MULDER, R. (...) Outsourcing of services and the productivity recovery in U.S. manufacturing in the 1980s and 1990s.

Score: 864967 - https://www.cepal.org/sites/de...lysis_of_the_american_case.pdf

  From “Structural Change” to “Transformative Change”: Rationale and Implications

Services Manufacturing Agriculture and fishing 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1841 1881 1921 1961 2001 Agriculture and fishing Industry Services 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000 Figure 1 United Kingdom Figure 3 Australia Figure 2 United States of America Figure 4 Japan Agriculture Manufacturing Services 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1900 1930 1960 1990 Agriculture Manufacturing Services 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1953 1963 1973 1982 1992 2002 Source: Office of National Statistics (2011) Source: Reserve Bank of Australia (2010) Source: Statistics Japan (2017) Source: Lebergott (1966) and U.S. (...) However, achieving the latter goal also requires machines, which are produced by the manufacturing sector. Hence, without some capacity to produce and service machines, i.e. without a certain degree of development of the manufacturing sector, it may be difficult for an economy to industrialize its non-manufacturing sectors. (...) The general perception is that labour productivity is lower in the service sector than in manufacturing. This was however not the case in Hong Kong SAR of China.

Score: 859392.4 - https://www.un.org/sites/un2.u....org/files/1597341823.9746.pdf

  Microsoft Word - WTACCTJK13A1_LEG_11

The seller (the manufacturer, the executor) is obliged to assist the consumer in a free choice of the goods (work, service). (...) The rights and duties of the manufacturer (the executor, the seller) on an establishment of service life, working life of the goods (work), and also a warranty period for the goods (work) On the goods (work) intended for long use, the manufacturer (executor) has the right to establish service life. (...) If the reasons of harm to eliminate it is impossible, the manufacturer (executor) is obliged to remove such goods (work, service) from manufacture.

Score: 859046.5 - https://www.wto.org/english/th.../tjk_e/WTACCTJK13A1_LEG_11.pdf

  Microsoft Word - WTO Working Paper ERSD 2015_03 Cover

First, as "enablers" services contribute to the manufacturing production. (...) Services inputs that are used in the manufacturing process can be grouped under the term "servicification of manufacturing" and can come in the form of manufacturing services on inputs owned by others, domestic sourcing or services offshoring (blue shaded elements of Figure 4). (...) Services offshoring can be a sourcing strategy in both manufacturing value chains and services networks.

Score: 858026.4 - https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201503_e.pdf

  ISIC Revision 4

Accommodation and food service activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 J. (...) Administrative and support service activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 O. (...) Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 U.

Score: 851758.6 - https://www.cepal.org/sites/de...x_6_isic_rev_4_publication.pdf