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AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY VALUE CHAINS: THE EFFECTS OF MARKET CONCENTRATION ON FARMERS AND PRODUCING COUNTRIES – THE CASE OF COCOA

WORK AREA 1, MARKETS AND STATISTICS : NOTE / BY THE SECRETARIAT

GE.02-50174 (F) 050402 120402 Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement Distr. GÉNÉRALE TD/B/COM.2/CLP/25 1er février 2002 FRANÇAIS

COMPETITION IN ENERGY MARKETS : STUDY / BY THE UNCTAD SECRETARIAT

Food insecurity exists even in countries where there is food in abundance, due to the lack of purchasing power of certain segments of the population. Trading more food will not help them if they are excluded from production and have no means to buy the food which arrives on the markets. (...) Increased cross-border trade in agricultural products implies that, as the production of food is reoriented towards serving foreign markets rather than domestic markets, the role of transnational corporations - commodity traders, food processors, and global retailers - increases. (...) That dependency is further increased by the fact that, in order to comply with the standards of global retailers, farmers wishing to be included in global supply chains must use external inputs, including improved varieties of seeds, often supplied by companies which occupy an oligopolistic position on the market. As a result, the farming sector is increasingly divided between one segment which has access to high-value markets and therefore, to the best technologies, inputs, credit, public support and political influence, and another segment which is left to serve only the low-value, domestic markets, and is comparatively neglected and marginalized, particularly as new tastes are introduced through international trade which they cannot satisfy. 26.

Les prestataires étrangers, qui sont généralement plus intéressés par le segment des clients fortunés, pourraient en effet être tentés de refuser leur couverture à des clients au revenu modeste. (...) Skipper : Foreign insurers in emerging markets: Issues and concerns, document occasionnel de l’IIF, n° 1, 1997. 8 Cf. (...) A titre d’exemple, citons Global Risk Market Place ainsi qu’INREON (réassurance) et CATEX (risques catastrophiques), deux prestataires relativement jeunes.

Aalbers, « The Financialization of Home and the Mortgage Market Crisis », Competition and Change, vol. 12, no 2 (juin 2008), p. 148. (...) Romanik, Ensuring Access to Essential Services: Demand Side Housing Subsidies, Social Protection Discussion Paper Series no 0232 (Washington, Banque mondiale, décember 2002), p. 6; réponses du Canada et de l’Australie au questionnaire. 51 ONU-Habitat, Financing Urban Shelter, p. 63. 52 Réponse de la France au questionnaire. 53 Banque mondiale, Housing Finance Policy in Emerging Markets. 54 Conseil de l’Europe, p. 38. 55 Réponses de la Croatie, de l’Indonésie, du Mexique et du Portugal au questionnaire. 56 ONU-Habitat, The Role of Government in the Housing Market: The Experience from Asia (Nairobi, 2008), p. 39 et 40. 57 J. (...) ONU-Habitat, Affordable Land and Housing in Latin America and the Caribbean, p. 55. 64 Pablo Trivelly and Company, Ltd., « Urban Structure, Land Markets and Social Housing in Santiago, Chile », janvier 2010. 65 Ibid.

The personal mobile communications market worldwide has grown to 50 million subscribers in 1995 from its inception in 1986. (...) Those new financially sound customers will be able to buy all the state-of the-art electronic devices available on the market as well as the value-added telecommunications services. 9. (...) A new satellite industry based on drastic progress in computer and microchip technology is currently emerging in response to this consumer market demand. The total communications satellite market will account for some 67.5 percent of the space missions planned for the next 10 year and the market for communications satellites for the same period has been estimated in the range of US$ 8 billion to US$ 15 billion. 36.

Deuxièmement, les gros industriels du cacao ont renforcé leur présence en aval dans le segment du chocolat à usage industriel (couverture). (...) Il n’a pas été possible, toutefois, d’évaluer directement les parts de marché et les ratios de concentration du marché sur la base des rapports d’entreprises, faute d’informations financières sur les segments de la filière pertinents pour deux acteurs clefs dans les activités intermédiaires1; en outre, les informations par groupe de produits pour chaque segment étaient insuffisamment désagrégées pour pouvoir évaluer les parts de marché sur le marché de la consommation en aval2. (...) Gilbert et Eric Tollens, Does Market Liberalization Jeopardise Export Quality? Cameroonian Cocoa, 1995-2000, document de travail no 3224 du CEPR (Centre for Economic Policy Research, février 2002). 4 Pays Notes Cameroun (suite) 1994/95: Le système de prix et de coûts administrés est complètement démantelé depuis la campagne 1994/95.