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While the independent expert welcomes the Government’s efforts to tackle unemployment by addressing skills development and reinserting people into the labour market, she reminds the Government that employment activation policies must be implemented from a human rights approach. 54. (...) This is particularly important when individuals are required to enter the job market in times of recession and high unemployment. (...) Activation policies should be designed to increase the participation of women in the labour market, while enabling them (in particular, single mothers) to balance employment and parenting.

The Special Rapporteur visited local supermarkets in Harare where she observed that while an ample amount of diversified food was available on the market, high inflation rates and food prices prevented a majority of Zimbabweans from purchasing it. (...) Affordable basic commodities should be available on the market for households with reasonable to low incomes, in order to reduce the burden on social welfare. 59. (...) The means for doing so were expropriation, the legal segregation of the market in land – through the Land Apportionment Act of 1930 – and the gradual and often forced removal of so-called “black squatters” from the “white” areas.

The quantitative approach has resulted in positive change, with large segments of the population becoming homeowners with security of tenure that can be passed on to their children. (...) That can be traced back to the introduction of free-market neoliberalism, during the military dictatorship (1973–1990), with a clear link to the provision of housing through market mechanisms, with the State playing a subsidiary role. (...) Various recent amendments to the General Law on Urbanism and Construction include a provision that allows municipalities to provide zoning incentives for projects that benefit social integration.32 New or revised legislation on land, for example, to address transparency in the land market, was under consideration at the time of the preparation of the present report.33 36.

He further encourages the Government to consider establishing mechanisms that would ensure transparent public consultation and the free and informed participation of all segments of society, particularly ethnic minorities and the poorest, in the decision-making relating to and monitoring of public finances. 31. (...) The slow recovery of the world economy may undercut growth prospects through reduced or disrupted global trade and knock-on effects (e.g. trade protection barriers) on Vietnamese exports, an important contributor to the country’s growth.38 GDP growth is likely to slow over the medium term as a result of the financial market turmoil and recessionary conditions in Europe and the United States, the country’s largest export markets. 41. (...) Since 1986, the Government has pursued a policy of Doi Moi (economic renewal), which laid the foundations for a market-driven economy. The country has since experienced rapid economic growth, as well as improved economic opportunities and incentives, permitting household incomes to grow along with increased household consumption and savings. 46.

Shrinking the public sector may increase unemployment and further entrench discriminatory patterns in the Tunisian labour market, as a reduction of jobs in the public sector will disproportionally affect women working in public administration, education and health services. (...) The Independent Expert would also like to express his caution about potential labour market reforms. As underlined in a recent report, there is no empirical evidence that 14 Observatoire Tunisien de l’Economie, “Public debt: will Tunisia overcome the ‘Wall of Debt’?” (...) A/HRC/37/54/Add.1 8 GE.18-03585 austerity-related labour market reforms, such as facilitating the lay-off of workers or freezing or reducing wages, have resulted in increased economic growth, employment, or a better situation for workers.19 B.

First, they must increase market access for agricultural products. All quantitative restrictions or other non-tariff measures except those justified by health and safety reasons should be replaced by tariffs (art. 4.2), which the members are subsequently bound to reduce (art. 4.1). (...) In the Ministerial Doha Declaration of 14 November 2001, WTO members committed themselves to comprehensive negotiations aimed at: substantial improvements in market access; reductions of, with a view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies; and substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support. (...) That dependency is further increased by the fact that, in order to comply with the standards of global retailers, farmers wishing to be included in global supply chains must use external inputs, including improved varieties of seeds, often supplied by companies which occupy an oligopolistic position on the market. As a result, the farming sector is increasingly divided between one segment which has access to high-value markets and therefore, to the best technologies, inputs, credit, public support and political influence, and another segment which is left to serve only the low-value, domestic markets, and is comparatively neglected and marginalized, particularly as new tastes are introduced through international trade which they cannot satisfy. 26.

The benefits arising from labour market improvements have been unequally distributed. (...) The proposed recommendation for a European Child Guarantee refers to the need for member States to adopt labour market integration measures for parents or guardians and income support to families and households, so that financial barriers do not prevent children from accessing quality services. (...) Social investments – in early childhood education and care, education and training, health, and active labour market policy spending – should be seen not as costs, but instead as investments that, like those in research and developmen

The possibility of using TV sets for interactive services and the opportunity for integrating editorial content in the press with video programmes open up new prospects for the development of the market. In this wider multimedia context the division of the communications market into limited segments, each with an anti-competitive ceiling on audience share, no longer appears to be compatible with the strong impetus exerted by new technologies, which is encouraging companies to seek cross-fertilisation and synergies. (...) In resolution 136/05/CONS, the Communications Regulatory Authority recently adopted seven measures to foster competition on the digital terrestrial market, mainly based on the obligation to invest in expanding the network, the obligation to provide independent third- party programme content suppliers with 40% of available frequencies in order to give low- cost television market access to new broadcasters, and the obligation on Publitalia to act according to the principles of transparency and non-discrimination on the publicity market. (...) An asymmetric provision is envisaged whereby telecommunications operators whose revenues in the telecommunications services market, as defined by Article 18 of the Electronic Communications Code (Legislative Decree 259/2003), exceed 40% of total revenues for that market may not obtain revenues in the integrated communications system of more than 10% of those of the sector itself.

Although social protection is a generic term used to describe a diverse array of policy approaches (see A/69/297, para. 21), a recent Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) report defines it as including contributory social insurance programmes, labour market programmes and non-contributory social assistance programmes.11 The focus in the present report will be predominantly on non-contributory social assistance programmes that are mostly directed to the poorer segments of Saudi society. 22. (...) A/HRC/35/26/Add.3 10 GE.17-06857 segments, public consultations should be held in which individuals and civil society organizations can openly express their feedback on planned reforms. (...) However, the fact that they still make up a tiny percentage of the labour market, and are effectively prevented from performing a great many occupations, significantly constrains the economic potential and social development of Saudi Arabia.

The by-laws to the 1999 Total National Budget Law provide for financial and saving facilities for both mass and individual constructors in order to enhance the performance of the national housing market. The by-laws also provide for the setting up of banking facilities for the purchase of housing units by the general public, with special attention to certain groups, such as the families of the martyrs of war. 21. (...) The expropriations are considered a form of land confiscation by the affected population, particularly since prices paid in return for land are considerably lower than market values. Property confiscation 44. According to information provided by the World Bank,4 more than 30 per cent of Iran’s land is under public ownership. (...) Allegedly, even in the very few cases in which the prices were slightly raised by courts, they were still fixed much lower than market values. The affected population was not consulted before or during the expropriation procedure. 80.