Similarly, experiences in setting up financial markets in LDCs and their impact on domestic resources mobilization could provide a valuable insight in , and shed light on an area that so far has been largely overlooked.
At the micro level, the issue of developing domestic markets as a means for increasing the competitiveness of LDCs products in their own markets deserves attention. Appropriate strategies, policies and programmes, including for capacity-building, the creation of a business-
Issues paper for 17 February ECOSOC high-level segment preparatory roundtable A: “Mobilizing domestic resources,
capacity-building and national policy measures for the creation of an enabling environment for poverty eradication in
the context of the implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2001-
2010” - 3 -
friendly environment, nurturing of the domestic private sector and a commensurate increase in its share of the domestic market are issues that the RT meeting may wish to explore, with guidance from best practices and lessons learned in LDCs.
Language:English
Score: 1021372.5
-
https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/m...s%20paper%20-%20RTA%20REV1.pdf
Data Source: un
New Corporate Image Title: Arial 20
Air Transport and Tourism: Smart Product Mix
ICAO, Air Transport Meeting
Georgetown, Guyana
22 November 2018
Guilherme Esmanhoto
2
Aviation policy is a driver to increase competitiveness and generate more
traffic and has to be in line with the new way of traveling
High level degree of liberalization in air transport bilateral and multilateral ASAs
Source: Airbus Global Market Forecast
Nivel de liberalización
Regulado Tradicional Liberal
Flujo
intra-
regional
Flujo
regional
Level of liberalization
Regulated Liberal
3
Non-liberalized aviation policy leads to a vicious circle…
The domestic market is not able to sustain itself
The domestic market
depends on the incoming
international traffic flow
The incoming international
flow is restrained to
protect the national airline
The national
airline fails to
take advantage
International market
continues to be
underdeveloped
Domestic market
receives less
international flows
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
…whilst a liberalized aviation policy leads to a virtuous circle
The inflow of incoming
international passenger
traffic is increased
Higher efficiency and
lower prices lead to
higher levels of tourism
and investment
Higher inflows of international passenger traffic leads to
an increase of the domestic passenger traffic (distribution)
Domestic market has
higher resources to
sustain itself
Better domestic service
network fosters further
international inflow
1
2
3
4
5
6
Liberalized air transport market set the basis for what comes next
5
• Years ago: traveler experience and selection of destination were highly dependent on
travel agencies, who in turn depend on tour operators and charters
• Nowadays: fast changing sector due to:
Traditional way of traveling has changed mainly due to three factors: LCC,
client’s desire of experiences and new technologies
LCC made new destinations more accessible, reducing the
dependence of tour operation and charter pre-define holiday
packages
Desire for authenticity, active discovery and being connected
are travelers’ new basics
Internet connectivity, search and geolocation technologies,
mobile payments and social platforms, have a direct impact in
travel
Irruption of LCC
Travel experience
Technology
01/
02/
03/
6
• Tour operators had tend to
vertical integration
• Charter airlines have started
operating scheduled services to
fill seats through other channels
• However, this reaction hasn’t
been enough to face the growth
of low cost and to adapt their
products to new travelers
behavior
• The low-cost segment has
absorbed part of the tour
operators and charter segment
market share in recent years
LCC has made more accessible air travel and has changed traditional
airlines business models 01/
From tour operators and charter
operations to low-cost and
scheduled flights
Changes in business model
• Democratization of air travel
• Increased options with new
point-to-point destinations
• Reduction on air fares
• Scheduled and non-scheduled
(charter) airlines had to review
their business models to not
lose (additional) market share
From holiday packages to flexible
products
• From “pack-holidays” to
independent product with
separated buying process
• Promoting flexible touristic
products
• Controlled by the traveler
LCC has redrawn the aviation industry
7
Business case: charter operations in Europe
Europe: strong reduction of charter mkt share on
total flights
Source: CAPA, Eurocontrol Statfor. 2014 data no available
Europe: LCC share of total flights has more
than doubled in the same period
S h
a re
o f C
h a
rt e
r fl ig
h ts
( %
)
F li g
h ts
in E
u ro
p e
b y c
a te
g o
ry (
% )
01/
Arab spring events
hitting demand for
holidays to North Africa
3.4%
7.7%
13.3% 30.1%
After years of decline or transition to a low-cost, scheduled model,
charter segment represents only a small share of all flights
8
• From tourism service industry offering a
flight, a room and some food
Living travel experience: travelers want to experience seamless
journeys tailored to their habits and preferences 02/
Before Nowadays
• From travelers selecting from a pre-defined
list of destinations (selected by agencies)
• From “popular” destinations
• From control in hand of tour operators and
agencies
• To offer experiences
• To a wide-open range of possibilities
• To “exclusive” experiences
• To control in hands of travelers (self tailor-
made trip)
9
• Booking a trip today, and booking a trip 15 years ago are two completely different processes
• Through technology travelers can control all the trip
Technology is changing the travel industry
03/
The
Smartphone
Transactional
and flexibility
Better
Communication
Maps
Customer
power
Mobile platforms have become essential, from awareness of a destination
to transactional, and client relation and sharing their experience through
social-media
Travelers can book flights, remote check-in, boarding passes, change flights,
seats, upgrades, giving the travelers flexibility
Customers can directly contact the airline, and can expect a response in a
reasonable amount of time. This ability to engage quickly has helped to retain
customers and the reliance on airlines to solve problems
GPS become accessible giving travelers the confidence to be more spontaneous and
make fewer plans
Technology has changed the balance of power between business and customer across
the travel industry
10
Liberalized environment as the basis for further air market
development
In conclusion, smart product mix for the tourism segment should consider:
Travel is experiencing a fast transition lead by travelers.
Language:English
Score: 1019958.8
-
https://www.icao.int/Meetings/...Guilherme%20Esmanhoto%20v3.pdf
Data Source: un
Director, Private Sector Task Force Executive in Residence and Adjunct
Associate Professor, Fuqua School of Business,
Duke University
http://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/en/
Disclaimer & Limitations
• Views expressed are those of the authors Jeffrey Moe, Caroline Hope Griffith and Michael Merson; not necessarily those of the Global Health Workforce Alliance
• Report limited – self-report data v. objective (independently verified) – descriptive v. normative or prescriptive – “health workforce innovation” is also occurring in the
public sector • report focused only on private sector activity
3
IN HEALTH, THE PRIVATE SECTOR PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN LOW INCOME MARKETS E.G. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
*52% of expenditure is on private providers when extrapolated for SSA (excluding South Africa) from most recent year available between 1995-2002 from NHA reports for Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; 41% when other sources for an additional 13 countries are included (at average exchange rate) Source: NHA, MoH, WHR 2006, team analysis
~50
~50
Providers
Public
Private
100%
~65
~15
~10 ~10
Private sector providers
For-profit
Social enterprise Nonprofit Traditional healer
Public
Private
Health care expenditure by provider ownership Percent*
$16.7B
When measured on a usage basis: • Private sector providers likely comprise larger share of market due to
under-reporting of non-profit and informal segments • Social enterprises, non-profit and informal segments comprise larger
share of private sector due to smaller user fees and under-reporting
~50
~5 ~5
Public
Financing agent
Other private
Out-of- pocket
100%
Private prepaid
~40
Health care expenditure by financing agent Percent
$16.7B
~50
~50
Providers
Public
Private
100%
~65
~15
~10 ~10
Private sector providers
For-profit
Social enterprise Nonprofit Traditional healer
Public
Private
Health care expenditure by provider ownership Percent*
$16.7B
When measured on a usage basis: • Private sector providers likely comprise larger share of market due to
under-reporting of non-profit and informal segments • Social enterprises, non-profit and informal segments comprise larger
share of private sector due to smaller user fees and under-reporting
When measured on a usage basis: • Private sector providers likely comprise larger share of market due to
under-reporting of non-profit and informal segments • Social enterprises, non-profit and informal segments comprise larger
share of private sector due to smaller user fees and under-reporting
~50
~5 ~5
Public
Financing agent
Other private
Out-of- pocket
100%
Private prepaid
~40
Health care expenditure by financing agent Percent
$16.7B
Source: IFC 2008
Private Health Sector Context Low Income Countries
• Private = non-government (NGO), faith-based (FBO), not for profit, for-profit; all non-state – Blurry lines between public and private health resources – Mistrust
• Government often describes private health sector as 1) providing services targeting the middle class; 2) provides low quality, unregulated services which exploit the poor
• Private sector has accused government of 1) under-investment in HC, 2) investment in broken systems, 3) malfeasance and/or corruption
– Private health sector growth is potentiated AND constrained by its “enabling environment”
• Legal, business, policy, HC market, technology, civil society = enabling environment
• Weak institutional frameworks impede private health sector growth • HC innovators often lack business acumen, management expertise • Aid programs can create a “donor mentality”; reduce search for
sustainability
Enabling Environment or Innovation Eco-system
Health workforce innovators: workforce innovation is often a by-product of mission
Innovator’s Primary Mission
Health Work- force
Supply
Increase effectiveness and efficiency
Increase retention
31 Health Workforce Innovators (identified in 2008; MANY others not included in this report)
Increase Supply
Increase Efficiency and Effectiveness of Existing Workers
Increase Retention
Rural Technology Business Incubator– First Care Health Enterprise, Medical Knowledge Institute (MKI), African Medical Research Foundation
(AMREF_ - Maridi), Touch Foundation, Healthstore Foundation/CFWShops, Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets (ADDOs) ,
Health Careers of America, Aga Khan School of Nursing, AMREF E- Learning Program - Kenya.
(...) Leadership, Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSA)
Gaps
ID local and international talent to
lead
Training to close KSA gaps & build
business plans
Match Funders to Plans
Foundation, government, individual, private equity
and banks fund plans they choose
Baselines set which allow
assessments of health outcomes, quality, access
Health Workforce Incubators: Stimulate private health sector markets for ideas, talent and capital
HWI Health Workforce Incubators
NOTE: Incubator = event, process or location
▪ Promote public/private dialogue – Advocate “whole market” approach
with active and coordinated private & public roles in HRH responses
– Country Coord. & Facilitation – Public Private Partnerships – Develop enabling environment
▪ Amplify patient perspective and
overhaul regulation to balance patient safety with innovation – Bring patient voice into regulation of
professionals – Patients supported to make informed
decisions – Build “right-touch” regulation
▪ Curate global health workforce
innovations – e.g. Center for Health Market
Innovations, International Partnership for Innovative HC Delivery
▪ Leverage productivity through use of technology – Base staffing models around
telemedicine – Assume email and telephone
consultations
• Match training and staffing to actual systems of care – Train for care outside hospitals,
clinical leadership, continuous improvement, research
– Increase vocational training and apprenticeships for specific processes within care pathway
Increase evidence, accountability, training and access to funding – Funders support or require
independent evidence gathering – Private sector: internal accountability – Incubators: scale local activities OR
replicate global innovation, training for innovator managers, funding
1
2
3
6
5
4
Private Health Sector and HRH Crisis: Recommendations
Thank you
Diapositive numéro 1
Disclaimer & Limitations
IN HEALTH, THE PRIVATE SECTOR PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN LOW INCOME MARKETS E.G.
Language:English
Score: 1019894.8
-
https://www.who.int/workforcea...012/presentation_Jeff-PSTF.pdf
Data Source: un
Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 3_Competition Law Principles in the European Union (Doyle).ppt
1
Session 3: Competition Policy and European Regulation
Training on Competition and Changing Market Conditions: Impact on ICT Regulation
Addis Ababa, 6th – 9th November, 2007
By
Dr Chris Doyle
Warwick Business School & Consultant World Bank
2
Case study: The application of ex ante regulation in the EU – present and future
3
The current framework: Key Regulatory Directives (2002)
Framework Directive Outlines principles and objectives
Authorisation Directive Licensing regime – light-handed
Access Directive Interconnection etc
Universal Service Directive Social objectives and protecting certain end users
4
Framework Directive Provisions for dealing with NRAs and their tasks Article 7 procedures for SMP notifications, harmonisation and coordination
Commission right of veto where NRA defines different relevant market and designates SMP and there is a “barrier to the single market” or “serious doubts” about compatibility with Community law and objectives of NRA (Article 8)
Introduces SMP concept Market definition procedure
NRA to identify markets guided by Commission Recommendation Market analysis procedure
NRA to assess competition in market and identify SMP operators taking utmost account of Commission Guidelines
5
Significant Market Power
“…there is not effective competition, i.e. in markets where there are one or more undertakings with significant market power” (Recital 27 Framework Directive)
“An undertaking shall be deemed to have significant market power if, either individually or jointly with others, it enjoys a position equivalent to dominance, that is to say a position of economic strength affording it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of competitors, customers and ultimately consumers.” (Article 14(2) Framework Directive) (emphasis added)
“Where a national regulatory authority determines that a relevant market is not effectively competitive, it shall identify undertakings with significant market power on that market” (Article 16(4) Framework Directive) (emphasis added)
6
Recommended markets 2002 Retail 1. (...) Voice call termination, mobile 17. National market for international
roaming on mobile 18. Broadcasting transmission services
7
Recommended markets 2007 (proposed)
Retail 1.
Language:English
Score: 1017203.5
-
https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg...hiopia/pdf/Session_3_Doyle.pdf
Data Source: un
Market delineation
Technical basis Economic basis SSNIP test
2. SMP assessment
Presumption at 25% market share
Dominant position (single or joint)
3. Remedies choice
Automatically full suite
Based on market failure, justified, proportionate
Comparison of EU Competition Regulation
3
www.windsor-place.com5
The aims of the Directive on competition in the markets for electronic communications networks and services
The focal point of the new regulatory package is to address relevant markets that are characterised by a lack of effective competition.
• In particular, the Directives have aimed to resolve the conceptual distinctions between the ex ante & ex post approach to competition law.
• Effective competition is defined in terms of the existence of a dominant market actor or actors with significant market power “SMP”.
• Ex ante obligations only imposed if following a market analysis, the market is not effectively competitive, that is there is no single or collective dominance
• The identification of relevant markets requires an economic assessment, consistent with EU competition rules of the range of services which act as competitive substitutes to certain other services.
Language:English
Score: 1016464.9
-
https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg...%20-%20EU%20SMP%20Practice.pdf
Data Source: un
Microsoft PowerPoint - Sudip Chaudhuri_IMCC_Market Access_02032018 Bonn.pptx
Market Access
Sudip Chaudhuri sudip@iimcal.ac.in
International Business and Investment Forum on “Mobilizing investment, technology and partnership opportunities for Africa’s pharmaceutical industry”
UN Campus, Bonn, 1-2 March, 2018
Situation in Africa Today
High import dependence Difficulty in competing against imports Practically no protection Deficiency of technical knowledge High cost of production, including ◦ High interest rate
Infrastructural problems
But ….
All countries when developing industries faced the same problems that Africa faces today:
3
Lessons from history
Industrial policy crucial – government need to intervene to support local production and local producers to enhance ◦ Market access ◦ Access to Technology ◦ Access to Finance
Understanding and coordination between government and private sector is crucial
4
Market access All countries have protected domestic
producers to develop industries Cost initially higher not because of
inefficiency but because of lack of experience Concerns against protection ◦ Tariff measures
If domestic producers are unable to develop capacities, prices of imports will go up
Domestic producers will take advantage and charge higher prices
◦ Non tariff measures Higher prices due to less competition Possibilities of shortages
Legitimate concerns but not insurmountable
Successful countries which have used protection have also intervened to specifically manage prices and costs
Tariff policy has been part of a coordinated strategy to avoid the pitfalls ◦ Care has been taken for example to ensure
that productive capacities develop to avoid shortages ◦ Care has also been taken to monitor and
manage the cost and price differential between the local industry and foreign competitors.
Market access: questions for this Forum
Not whether to enhance market access but how to do so in ◦ Highly competitive segment of the market where
most African countries are already present ◦ Value added segments where they are not
currently present ◦ Regional markets ◦ International donor funded market
How the private sector needs to respond and contribute as partners in the development of an efficient industry
Language:English
Score: 1012880.4
-
https://www.unido.org/sites/de...ccess_02032018%20Bonn.pptx.pdf
Data Source: un
This requires a separation of the relevant product market from the relevant geographical market in accordance with the Law against Restraints of Competition. The services which are sufficiently similar for the informed consumer to regard them as substitutable are considered to be part of the same relevant product market. Hence the description of the subject matter of the licence has to be tailored to the markets defined in this
____________________ 2 Telecommunications Act in this text refers to the German Telecommunications Act of July, 25
1996
- 3 - ITU-D/1/005-E
sense. (...) These include especially transmission lines which consist of the uplink from the satellite earth station (ground segment) and the mobile terminal equipment respectively to the space segment and of the downlink, ie the connection from the space segment to the satellite earth station and the mobile terminal equipment respectively.
13.
Language:English
Score: 1010756.8
-
https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/stud...002/SG1/Documents/1998/005.pdf
Data Source: un
Informal interactive dialogue on commodity markets | General Assembly of the United Nations
Welcome to the United Nations. (...) Mogens Lykketoft, President of the 70 th Session of the General Assembly
10.10 – 11.10am
Segment I: Recent developments in commodities markets and the debt impact and long term structural constraints to diversify commodity economies
Moderator: Ambassador Dian Triansyah Djani, Permanent Representative of Indonesia to the United Nations in New York
Keynote Speakers: Mr. (...) Vinicius Pinheiro, ILO Special Representative to the United Nations in New York
4.00 – 5.00pm
Interventions by Member States
5.00 – 5.30pm
Closing Segment
Presentation of Summary
Find full programme here: Programme: Informal interactive dialogue on commodity markets
31 March 2016
CONCEPT NOTE: Informal interactive dialogue on commodity markets
13 May 2016
PROGRAMME: Informal interactive dialogue on commodity markets
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UN Web Services Section, Department of Public Information , United Nations
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?
Language:English
Score: 1006166.6
-
https://www.un.org/pga/70/even...dialogue-on-commodity-markets/
Data Source: un
The extension of this initiative to other countries could be considered by ECOSOC.
• We recognized that a central aspect of creating an enabling environment in LDCs is that there can be no peace without development and no development without peace.
• Development partners can and must do more to support the national efforts by LDCs.
• The UN system itself can maintain focus on better coordination of the peacemaking and peacekeeping activities with emergency relief, peace building and development efforts in a seamless, multidimensional and long term approach.
• Other crucial elements for the LDCs emerging from conflict include capacity building to design and implement reconstruction plans and policy, appropriate funding for post-conflict transition, and enhanced coordination among partners in post-conflict reconstruction.
• We also considered trade and market access preferences for LDCs. There has been clear increase in market access schemes for the LDCs, although the need for further improvement is also recognized. (...) I am very pleased with the interactive and lively debate we had on the wide range of issues relevant to the theme of the high- level segment. Your ideas and recommendations will provide a major input to the high- level segment, to the report of the Secretary-General and will be compiled into a book. (...) NGOs have a crucial role in this year’s high- level segment.
.
Language:English
Score: 1003458.8
-
https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/m...asi%20closing%2018%20march.pdf
Data Source: un
Microsoft Word - 180gr99
Decision
of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 180 of February 16, 1999
on the Procedure for Regulating the Admission and Use of Global Mobile Personal Satellite Communication Systems
on the Telecommunications Market of Russia
For the purposes of stepping up the cooperation and partnership relations of Russian operator and industrial companies in implementing the international projects oriented to the promotion of the new kind of services, i.e. global mobile personal satellite communication systems and providing further development of interrelated communications network of the Russian Federation on the basis of new technologies the Government of the Russian Federation hereby resolves:
1. To recognize a possibility in principle of the use on the Russia's telecommunications market of the communication services provided by the global mobile personal satellite communication systems in compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on condition that Russian operator companies be set up with the exclusive right to provide the communication services of respective systems on the territory of the Russian Federation.
2. The exclusive right to the provision of confidential communication services within the global mobile personal satellite communication systems used on Russia's telecommunications market shall be granted to a special Russian operator responsible for setting up and developing a special federal confidential communication subsystem.
3.
Language:English
Score: 1002717.9
-
https://www.wto.org/english/th.../rus_e/WTACCRUS33A1_LEG_37.pdf
Data Source: un