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The usefulness of the root/shoot ratio as a criterion was therefore questioned; (e) Nutrient imbalances. There was concern about the use of this criterion with respect to the empirical critical loads approach. It was agreed that nutrient imbalances should be regarded in mass balance models, which may require development. (...) The workshop proposed: (a) New empirical nutrient nitrogen critical loads; (b) To organize (preferably in autumn 2002) a workshop to formally review empirical nutrient nitrogen critical loads.

The General Assembly also reaffirmed the importance of applying an ecosystems approach to oceans. 20. Wastewater and nutrient load pollution is still a major threat to the ocean. (...) In many cases, those excessive nutrient inputs are creating harmful algal blooms, which disrupt ecosystems and damage fisheries, especially small -scale fisheries and the related livelihoods. (...) Since 2012, the programme has focused on marine pollution in relation to three source categories: nutrient management, marine litter and wastewater.

N is considered to be the nutrient that most often limits net primary production in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. (...) Co-limitation of phytoplankton by N and P was common and enrichment of freshwaters with both nutrients gave usually stronger effects on production than enrichment with single nutrients. (...) Nr effects on the function and structure of low nutrient ecosystems, very common in north temperate regions in Northern Europe and Canada, were not well understood. 22.

Currently, the transboundary impact is insignificant. Most of the nutrients transported to the river originate from background and non-point loading. (...) The lake has been monitored since the 1970s. 64. The estimated nutrient load into Lake Pyhäjärvi has decreased since 1990. (...) The lake is very vulnerable to environmental changes. Because of the low nutrient status and low humus concentration, an increase in nutrients causes an immediate increase in production, and the long retention time extends the effect of the nutrient load.

Up-to-date knowledge on the interaction between the input of nutrients through fertilizers and nutrient removal in crops and the influence of the soil/water characteristics on this process should be used to identify areas vulnerable to high nutrient loss. (...) The nutrient content of soils should be regularly monitored and assessed. 17. (...) By better using the nutrients contained in farm manure, losses to the environment can be limited.

In the ensuing discussion, emphasis was laid on the establishment of global partnerships focusing on particular pollution source areas – nutrients, wastewater and marine litter – with general support expressed for their aims. (...) In the ensuing discussion, one representative, while expressing support for the focus on nutrient management, marine litter and wastewater management, said that physical alteration and destruction of habitat was another threat meriting urgent attention. (...) While various initiatives to protect coastal and marine ecosystems had been launched globally, those ecosystems continued to be negatively affected by such factors as nutrient and wastewater discharges and marine litter.

RESTRICTED EB.AIR/WG.1/R.108 25 April 1995 Original: ENGLISH ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE EXECUTIVE BODY FOR THE CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION Working Group on Effects (Fourteenth session, Geneva, 10-12 July 1995) Item 4 of the provisional agenda CALCULATION OF CRITICAL LOADS OF NITROGEN AS A NUTRIENT Summary report on the development of a library of default values */ I. (...) The results of the work already done on assessing available data quantifying the input variables to the simple mass balance equation for the calculation of critical loads of nitrogen as nutrient, together with some preliminary conclusions, are presented in the following paragraphs. (...) The increased rates of loss will last for only a small number of years after disturbance, the length of time depending on the rates of recolonization by vegetation: this is rapid, up to one year, on nutrient-rich sites and slow, two to five years (or more in tundra systems), on nutrient-poor sites.

The nutrient needs of crops outstrip the availability of organic materials in many places. (...) Keeping nutrients in the soil improves pasture growth and provides an inexpensive form of additional feed. (...) To replenish nutrients removed by crops, farmers should begin by recycling on-farm sources of nutrients and then correct any deficiencies by using fertilizers.

They welcomed the Koronivia road map workshop on topic 2(d) (Improved nutrient use and manure management towards sustainable and resilient agricultural systems) held at SB 51 and the workshops on topic 2(e) (Improved livestock management systems, including agropastoral production systems and others) and 2(f) (Socioeconomic and food security dimensions of climate change in the agricultural sector) held virtually at the UNFCCC Climate Dialogues 2020. (...) Having considered the report on the workshop on topic 2(d) of the Koronivia road map, the SBSTA and the SBI recognized that soil and nutrient management practices and the optimal use of nutrients, including organic fertilizer and enhanced manure management, lie at the core of climate-resilient, sustainable food production systems and can contribute to global food security. 6. (...) United Nations FCCC/SB/2021/L.1* Distr.: Limited 6 November 2021 Original: English FCCC/SB/2021/L.1 2 have high adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change while playing broad roles in safeguarding food and nutrition security, livelihoods, sustainability, nutrient cycling and carbon management. They noted that improving sustainable production and animal health, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the livestock sector while enhancing sinks on pasture and grazing lands, can contribute to achieving long-term climate objectives, taking into account different systems and national circumstances. 7.

Ending malnutrition in all its forms, including the hidden hunger of nutrient deficiency, requires national commitments to invest at scale. (...) The regulatory environment around school feeding is key to limiting exposure to high-calorie and low-nutrient foods, and to ensuring the adoption of healthy eating habits early in life. (...) Shifts in consumption towards foods high in sugar, salt and fats are happening fastest in urban areas of low-income and middle-income countries. 49 Poor urban residents face challenges in finding a variety of affordable, fresh and nutritious foods, and many either live in “food deserts” where there is little or no access to food, or in “food swamps” where there is an abundance of high-calorie, low-nutrient, processed foods. 50. People experiencing food insecurity shift from nutrient-rich foods towards more energy-dense but nutrient-poor foods.