ALL activities to produce goods and services)
For own final use (by households)
Own-use production
work
For use by others (i.e. other units)
For remuneration (i.e. for pay or profit)
Employment (work for pay or profit)
Without remuneration
Unpaid trainee work
Other work activities
(e.g. unpaid compulsory
work)
Volunteer work
Services Goods S G S G G S Services Goods
mailto:castillom@ilo.org
2
Contents
• Operational definition: employment
• Main updates to operational definition
• Temporary absence from employment
• Notion of “for pay / profit”
• Special cases
• Main job, multiple job holding
• Labour force concept and classification
• Impact of the 19th ICLS standards on labour force classification
ILO Department of Statistics 3
Persons in employment
Operational definition -19th ICLS (§ 27-32)
Two groups
– Employed, at work:
• Worked for pay or profit for at least 1 hour
– Employed, not at work:
• Worked already in the job, but not at work due to:
– Working time arrangement (shift work, flexitime)
– Temporary absence (expects to return within short period)
ILO Department of Statistics 4
“Working age persons who
in the reference week / last 7 days
were engaged in any activity
to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit”
3
Labour force status classification Activity principle + priority rule + 1 hr. criterion
ILO Department of Statistics 5 ILO Department of Statistics 5
Working age population (a + b + c)
With job for pay /
profit, not at work
a. (...) ILO Department of Statistics 25
ALL who work for pay
ALL who work for profit
Persons in employment
Not employed
Unemployed Inactive
ALL OTHERS, whether or not:
ALL who work for training
ALL who produce goods
for own final use
ALL who volunteer for org.
ALL who volunteer to produce
goods for households
-Provide services for own final use
-Volunteer providing services for households
Labour force as per the NEW standards....
ALL who work for pay
ALL who work for profit -Employers
-Own account workers in market units
-Contributing family workers
-Members of market producer cooperatives
Persons in employment
(for pay / profit)
Unemployed (seeking + available
for work for pay/profit)
Outside the
labour force
ALL OTHERS > age, whether or not:
-Produce goods for own final use
-Volunteer through / for organizations
Volunteer producing goods for households
-Provide services for own final use
-Volunteer providing services for households
Not employed (for pay/profit)
Underutilized labour
(with unmet need for employment (for pay/profit)
-Work unpaid for training
14
THANK YOU!
Language:English
Score: 846328.3
-
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/gro...ts/publication/wcms_413777.pdf
Data Source: un
Slide 1
1
Persons in employment,
main and secondary jobs
ILO Geneva
Ms Monica Castillo
Form of work: Employment
ILO Department of Statistics 2
Work (i.e. ALL activities to produce goods and services)
For own final use (by households)
Own-use production
work
For use by others (i.e. other units)
For remuneration (i.e. for pay or profit)
Employment (work for pay or profit)
Without remuneration
Unpaid trainee work
Other work activities
(e.g. unpaid compulsory
work)
Volunteer work
Services Goods S G S G G S Services Goods
2
Contents
• Operational definition
• Main updates to operational definition
• Choice of reference period
• Temporary absence from employment
• Notion of “for pay / profit”
• Special cases
• Main job, multiple job holding
• Measurement in household surveys
ILO Department of Statistics 3
Persons in employment
Operational definition -19th ICLS (§ 27-32)
Two groups
– Employed, at work:
• Worked for pay or profit for at least 1 hour
– Employed, not at work:
• Worked already in the job, but not at work due to:
– Working time arrangement (shift work, flexitime)
– Temporary absence (expects to return within short period)
ILO Department of Statistics 4
“Working age persons who
in the reference week / last 7 days
were engaged in any activity
to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit”
3
Labour force status classification Activity principle + priority rule + 1 hr. criterion
ILO Department of Statistics 5 ILO Department of Statistics 5
Working age population (a + b + c)
With job for pay /
profit, not at work
a. (...) Farmer who grows vegetables for sale and also spends a few
hours a week manufacturing brooms for sale
ILO Department of Statistics 20
11
Persons in employment:
Measurement in household surveys • Need to identify persons with all types of jobs
– Need to add several questions
• Questions should be appropriate for persons in all types of jobs
– Self-employment jobs (employer, own account worker, contributing family worker)
– Employee jobs (permanent, temporary, casual, including as paid apprentice)
• Useful to include examples in the questionnaire of most common types
of jobs/activities likely to go unreported
– casual, informal and/or part-time jobs
– Or use an activity list
ILO Department of Statistics 21
Main and secondary jobs:
Measurement in household surveys
• For main job: Useful to include introductory statement
– “The next questions are about the main job held last week, that is, the one in which
(NAME) usually works the most hours, even if he/she was absent last week”
• For secondary jobs: Useful to have statement to reduce underreporting
– “Nowadays, with current economic conditions, many people have two or more jobs,
last week did you have any other job or business activity, even if you were
temporarily absent”
• Measure for all jobs:
– Working time; employment-related income (if included in survey)
• Essential characteristics of 2nd jobs, only if prevalent in the country
– Occupation, Industry, Status in Employment, Institutional sector
– May be measured on a non-frequent basis to reduce burden
– Detailed characteristics if assessing size of informal economy
ILO Department of Statistics 22
12
W
A
P
Module I: Household Roster & Demographic Characteristics
Module II: Education & training
Module III: Participation in the Labour Market
n+
0+
-Characteristics of main job
-Characteristics of other jobs
-Job search & availability
-Previous employment experience
-Identification of persons in employment
Persons in employment Persons NOT in employment
Y N
Basic labour force survey structure
Optional Work modules:
-Volunteer work
-Unpaid trainee work
-Provision of services for own final use
Module IV: Participation in Own use production of goods
Questionnaire flow
ILO Department of Statistics 24
WORKING AGE POPULATION
With job, not at work
E
NOT EMPLOYED (without work for pay/ profit)
Worked for pay / profit
for 1+ hours
Y N
N
Pay
Y
Duration ≤3 mo. >3 mo.
Language:English
Score: 835491
-
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/gro...ts/publication/wcms_413775.pdf
Data Source: un
Persons on indefinite layoff
– Not unemployed, they must seek work and be available
3. Persons waiting results of a job application
– Not unemployed, they must seek work and be available
4. (...) Not wanting employment
ILO Department of Statistics 23
-Not a part of the potential labour force
-But recognized as relevant for social and labour policy
Illustration:
Willing non-job seekers
ILO Department of Statistics 24
Source: Enquête nationale sur l’Emploi, Morocco 2012
Percentage of willing non-job seekers among persons
outside the labour force (%)
13
Basic survey structure
Essential question flow
Question formulation
Measurement in
labour force surveys
ILO Department of Statistics 25
W
A
P
Module I: Household Roster & Demographic Characteristics
Module II: Education & training
Module III: Participation in the Labour Market
n+
0+
-Characteristics of main job
-Characteristics of other jobs
-Job search & availability
-Previous employment experience
-Identification of persons in employment
Persons in employment Persons NOT in employment
Y N
Identification in labour force surveys
Optional Work modules:
-Volunteer work
-Unpaid trainee work
-Provision of services for own final use
Module IV: Participation in Own use production of goods
14
Implementation issues
• Emphasis on active job search
– Sequence should start with question on job search
– Methods of job search serve as test of active search
• Questions should be appropriate for all types of jobs
– Search for self-employment jobs and paid employment, part-time work, paid
apprentice type work, etc.
• Requires new question on desire to work for pay or profit
– Asked only to persons who did not carry out job search activities
• Availability serves to determine readiness in terms of time
– Should be asked to all persons who seek or want to work for pay or profit
– Question should clarify this (i.e. how soon can person start working)
– Includes availability to work part-time or full-time
ILO Department of Statistics 27
ILO Department of Statistics 28
WORKING AGE POPULATION
With job, not at work
E
NOT EMPLOYED (without work for pay/ profit)
U Potential LF
Worked for pay / profit
for 1+ hours
Seeking work for pay/profit
Want work
Y
Y
Y
Y
Available
Willing
N
N
N
Labour force Outside labour force
Others
N
Reason not seeking
Duration of search
Pay
Y
Duration ≤3 mo. >3 mo.
Language:English
Score: 829906.9
-
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/gro...ts/publication/wcms_413780.pdf
Data Source: un
Slide 1
1
Conceptual Frameworks:
Labour underutilization
ILO Pretoria
Coffi Agossou,
ILO Department of Statistics
Labour underutilization
ILO Department of Statistics 2
2
Background
• Unemployment rate
– Widely used as headline measure of labour market performance
– Highlights potential matches between available labour supply
(people) and available demand (jobs) at a given point in time
• Particularly relevant in contexts with
– Diverse labour markets (job opportunities)
– Channels for seeking jobs
– Safety nets such as unemployment insurance
• BUT: Not sufficient to capture all groups with insufficient access to
employment opportunities (work for pay or profit)
ILO Department of Statistics 3
UNEMPLOYED PERSON is person who is…
1. Not in employment (not in work for pay or profit)
2. Seeking for work for pay or profit;
3. AND is Available for work for pay or profit
4
3
Labour force & labour underutilization
Labour underutlization:
Scope • Unemployed persons
+ • Other groups that reflect unmet need for employment among
– Persons in employment
– Persons outside the labour force
ILO Department of Statistics 6
Unmet need for employment
4
Labour underutilization:
Scope
“Refers to mismatches
between labour supply and demand,
which translate into an unmet need for employment
among the population” Para 40,Resol I. (19th ICLS, 2013)
• In reference to employment (work for pay or profit)
• Identifies groups among the employed & persons outside the labour force
who share similarities with the unemployed
• Focuses on issues of insufficient labour absorption
• For broader labour market monitoring
ILO Department of Statistics 7
Labour force & labour underutilization Improved labour market monitoring across contexts
Working age population
Labour force
Unemployed
Do not want
employment
Potential
Labour Force -seeking, not available
-available, not seeking
Time-related
underemployed
Labour underutilization
(unmet need for employment)
Employed
(for pay/profit) Outside the labour force
Want employment but not seeking,
not available
8
5
Labour underutilization components:
Similarities and differences
• Time-related underemployed
– Employed, but with insufficient working time
• Wanting and available to work more hours
• Unemployed
– Not employed, but “currently available supply of labour”
• Seeking and available to work
• Potential labour force
– Not employed, but “potential supply of labour”
• Seeking, but not available to work
• Not seeking, but available and wanting to work
ILO Department of Statistics 9
Labour m arket attachm
ent
-Persons in situations with insufficient employment compared to an alternative situation
-Express interest in employment & put different levels of pressure on the labour market
LU Components: Relevant in different contexts &
at different stages of economic cycle
ILO Department of Statistics 10
6
NEW Combined indicators of labour
underutilization (LU1-LU4)
LU4
11
Combined indicators of labour
underutilization (LU1-LU4) Four indicators: to assess the nature of LU throughout the business cycle:
• LU1: Unemployment rate: [persons in unemployment / labour force] x 100
• LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment: [(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment) / labour force] x 100
• LU3: Combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force: [(persons in unemployment + potential labour force) / (extended labour force)] x 100
• LU4: Aggregate measure of labour underutilization: [(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment +
potential labour force) / (extended labour force)] x 100
ILO Department of Statistics 12
Note: extended LF =
LF + potential labour force
7
19th ICLS:
Recommendations for national reporting
• To select at minimum 2 measures of Labour underutilization
LU1 (unemployment rate)
+ Other LU measure, as per national context
• To be disseminated together, as part of national minimum set of
labour market indicators
ILO Department of Statistics 13
Varied responses to
economic downturns
ILO Department of Statistics 14
Context Common responses Measures
-Diverse labour market
-Unemployment insurance
-Labour protection
→Unemployed
→Reduce work hours
LU1
LU2
-Homogeneous market
-Limited job opportunities
-Limited labour protection
→Unemployed
→Reduce in work hours
→Become discouraged
→Remain willing to work for pay/profit,
but engage in other activities
→Take any available job (e.g. skills mismatch)
→Create own informal business (self-employed)
→Emigrate
LU1
LU2
LU3
Willing non-job
seeker Inadequate
employment
Informal Sector Emp.
Language:English
Score: 825227.9
-
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/gro...ts/publication/wcms_413781.pdf
Data Source: un
"Employment agreement" means a written or verbal agreement which is clearly stated or which is implicitly understood, where a person referred to as the employee agrees to do work for another person referred to as the boss, and the boss agrees to pay a wage throughout the period of work.
(...) Where a boss is ready to refund or pay the money under paragraph one and paragraph two, and has handed the money to the Director-General or a person assigned by the Director-General for payment to the employee, the boss need not pay any interest or surcharge with effect from the date on which he handed that money over.
(...) A boss shall be prohibited from paying the wages of a child employee to another person.
Language:English
Score: 823575.2
-
www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/...BTEXT/49727/65119/E98THA01.htm
Data Source: un
It can be paid to the insured person after an accidental injury. Or, it can be paid to someone else after the death of an insured person.
(...) Your health plan documents will tell you how we pay for out-of-network care.
D
DCI
This refers to the Date Claim Incurred (DCI) which is used for disability plans to capture the date a person becomes disabled. (...) A doctor examines the person in question. This doctor has not treated the person before.
Language:English
Score: 822498.3
-
https://www.un.org/insurance/node/746
Data Source: un
It can be paid to the insured person after an accidental injury. Or, it can be paid to someone else after the death of an insured person.
(...) Your health plan documents will tell you how we pay for out-of-network care.
D
DCI
This refers to the Date Claim Incurred (DCI) which is used for disability plans to capture the date a person becomes disabled. (...) A doctor examines the person in question. This doctor has not treated the person before.
Language:English
Score: 822498.3
-
https://www.un.org/insurance/content/terminology
Data Source: un
It includes:
full or part-time workers seeking other work during the reference week;
persons who performed some work for pay or profit during the reference week but were retired and receiving a pension, registered as job seekers at an employment office or receiving unemployment benefits;
full or part-time students working full or part-time;
members of the armed forces (career members, conscripts and volunteers);
paid and unpaid apprentices (persons who worked without pay as learners).
Excluded are:
unpaid family workers currently assisting in the operation of a business or farm who worked for less than 15 hours during the reference week
persons who performed some work for pay or profit during the reference week but were subject to compulsory schooling.
(...) Excluded are persons who performed some work for pay or profit during the reference week but were subject to compulsory schooling and those who were seeking and/or available for work but subject to compulsory schooling or retired and receiving a pension.
Language:English
Score: 821011.7
-
http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/SSM/SSM3/E/BB.html
Data Source: un
Article 36 Proceedings may not be issued claiming payment of premium
In personal insurance, if a purchaser of insurance fails to pay the premium or fails to pay it in full, the insurance enterprise may not institute proceedings to require the purchaser of insurance to pay the premiums.
(...) Within the scope of the sum insured, an insurance enterprise must pay to the insured person those items which under the law the insured person is liable to pay in compensation to the third party.
2. (...) Article 57 Methods of paying indemnity
Depending on the request of the insured person, an insurance enterprise may pay indemnity directly to the insured person or to the third party who incurred the loss and damage.
Language:English
Score: 820265.6
-
https://www.wto.org/english/th...e/vnm_e/WTACCVNM16A1_LEG_1.pdf
Data Source: un
Coverage of the census:
(a) Geographical scope: Whole country.
(b) Persons covered: All persons of all ages .
4. Reference period:
The week and the 12 months period preceding the day of the census.
5. Main topics:
(a) Total population, by sex and age: yes
Economically active population by:
(b) Sex and age group: yes
(c) Industry: yes
(d) Occupation: yes
(e) Status in employment: yes
(f) Highest educational level: yes
(g) Hours of work: yes
(h) Other characteristics: yes
Re (a): The age is defined in terms of the number of completed years on the day of the census.
Re (g): Persons aged 12 years and over were asked to specify how many months, if any, they had worked for pay in Bermuda during the past 12 months, either for an employer or in their own business. (...) Only persons belonging to categories (i), (iii), (vi) and (vii) can be identified separately.
Language:English
Score: 817831.25
-
http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/SSM/SSM5/E/BM.html
Data Source: un
