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A candidate then must pass a qualifying examination held by a judge’s qualification board and be recommended for appointment by that board. (...) Judicial examinations for district and oblast court judges are conducted by oblast level judges’ qualification boards. According to article 70 of the law on the judicial system, a qualification board consists of representatives of the judiciary and of the organs of justice. (...) The qualification board of the Supreme Court is selected by the Plenum of the Supreme Court. 48.

They evaluate the performances of judges in their court, and participate, in their capacity as head of the judicial qualification board, in assessing the professional qualifications and personal qualities of the judges who apply for reappointment. (...) Disciplinary cases involving judges of higher courts are handled by the Higher Judicial Qualification Board, while cases concerning ordinary judges are considered by lower-level judicial qualification boards (article 74 of the Law on Courts). 60. The disciplinary procedure is set out in the Regulation on Judicial Qualification Boards.17 If the judicial qualification board finds the case to have merit, it may issue a reprimand or impose a fine amounting up to 30 per cent of the judge’s average monthly wage.

• Principal subjects/occupational skills covered Court management • Title of qualification awarded Fellow of the Institute for Court Management • Dates (from – to) 1997 • Name and type of organisation providing education and training Department of Justice, Office of Continuous Learning for Judges • Principal subjects/occupational skills covered Court management • Title of qualification awarded Certificate of completion • Dates (from – to) 1997 • Name and type of organisation providing education and training Stichting Studiecentrum Rechtspleging (Dutch institute for judges’ training), Zutphen the Netherlands, 1997 • Principal subjects/occupational skills covered Court management • Title of qualification awarded Certificate of completion • Dates (from – to) August 1973 and august 1974(first and second cycle) • Name and type of organisation providing education and training Faculté de droit comparé de l’Université de Strasbourg (School of Comparative Law of the University of Strasbourg, France) (...) • Principal subjects/occupational skills covered Comparative Law • Title of qualification awarded Diploma first cycle and diploma second cycle S/2009/386 09-42776 7 • Dates (from – to) September 1968 – June 1972 • Name and type of organisation providing education and training Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University of Brussels) • Principal subjects/occupational skills covered Law degree (5 years of legal education) • Title of qualification awarded Licencié en droit (JD equivalent), magna cum laude JOB REQUIREMENTS SKILLS AND COMPETENCES RE- LATED TO THE JOB REQUIRE- MENTS All judges shall be persons of high moral character, impartiality and integrity who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for ap- pointment to the highest judicial offices… with experience in the fields of criminal law or international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law.

Appointments or nominations by the President can have a strong influence on judges’ attitudes and behaviour, particularly concerning representatives of the executive. 18. Qualification collegia are bodies of judicial self-regulation that are established at the regional (Judicial Qualification Collegia) and national (the High Qualification Collegium) levels. (...) The High Qualification Collegium has three months to examine a complaint, while the Judicial Qualification Collegia at the regional level have one month to issue a ruling. (...) In 2010, the Disciplinary Judicial Presence was established as a specialized federal court to hear appeals against decisions on the dismissal of judges adopted by qualification collegia, including the High Qualification Collegium.

The Ombudsman explained that there used to be important obstacles to the categorization and prosecution of racially motivated crimes, which led in most instances to the qualification of these crimes as acts of hooliganism. (...) Strict rules for naturalization were put in place at that time, which included requirements regarding command of the Latvian language and knowledge of the Constitution and the history of the country. (...) Since this type of charge often requires a higher threshold of evidence, the lack of specific provisions on hate crimes has led to widespread qualification of racist violence as cases of hooliganism, which entails softer sanctions.

In the field of education, the MDG+ agenda embraced an expanded version of Goal 2 to focus primarily on secondary education, enhancing quality in education, and promoting the enrolment of marginalized groups such as children with special needs and students from socially vulnerable groups.19 As developed below, further attention must be given to sources of inequality such as: school infrastructure, teachers’ qualification and working conditions, the use of pedagogical materials and learning technologies, unified education data collection systems, and assessment of learning outcomes. 21. (...) However, it was also pointed out that more could be done by strengthening the linkage between social-sector services and the education sectors and by investing more in teacher qualification and career-prospects improvement (given the fact that part of the workforce is ageing).29 31. (...) The budgetary allocation to technical and vocational education (only 0.2 per cent of GDP)37 must be increased in order to enhance infrastructure and facilities in a way that facilitates innovation and adaptation to the new labour-market requirements. In particular, the development and implementation of required occupational standards, qualifications, assessments and certification standards is as important as the provision of training for policymakers and advisers, for developers in education and training, and for teachers and managers in educational institutions. 38.

Lectures on formation for family life are conducted by teachers qualified to be employed in the particular kind of school and completed a faculty at the university level in the area of the “Family life education” or post-graduate courses or qualification courses compliant with Programme contents. The teachers who completed a qualification course in the area of the “Family life education” have the qualification to conduct these classes in primary, lower secondary and basic vocational schools. (...) The proposed solutions consisting in establishment of a centre encountered difficulties in meeting the requirements of the Regulation of the Ministry of Health on specific conduct procedure in substitution treatment and detailed conditions to be met by a health care unit which provides substitution treatment.

The Special Rapporteur is of the view that most of these requirements are too broad or generic. Furthermore, neither the Constitution nor the law provide any guidance on how to assess some of the requirements, such as “well-known morality and competence”, “high level of professional and academic experience” and “integrity” (honorabilidad). (...) In practice, however, political parties only proceed to an evaluation of the formal requirements of the candidates based on their curricula and, in some cases, short interviews behind closed doors. (...) Promotion, like initial selection and appointment, should be merit-based, having regard to qualification, integrity, ability and efficiency (A/HRC/11/41, para. 72). 72.

It is not uncommon for individuals to meet the legal requirements by sending the court a request to reschedule a hearing owing to their inability to attend for what they believe to be valid reasons, without, however, being able sufficiently to foresee the consequences of their actions (omissions). (...) The special procedure established in law whereby only members of the judicial community may examine disciplinary cases against judges is necessitated by the unique legal status of judges. The Judicial Qualification Board may consider information contained in citizens’ complaints concerning misconduct by judges at the recommendation of the president of the relevant court or of a higher court. (...) Moreover, citizens cannot appeal against actions (omissions) of the Qualification Board, as only judges against whom disciplinary action is being considered by the Board enjoy the right of appeal in such cases.

For a variety of reasons, the needs for care of those persons of 70 years and older who only completed their compulsory education is twice that of those who hold a university qualification. F. Independence and autonomy 48. (...) This was an important improvement to formalize services mostly provided on an informal basis until then, which contravened several legal provisions, including on social security, taxes, professional qualification, and immigration. The Act allows caregivers to provide services as self-employed persons or dependent employees. 57. (...) Special civil law regulations and information obligations apply to homes for the elderly.21 The homes are thoroughly examined and legal warnings issued in cases of non-conformity with legal requirements. 62. The Nursing Home Residence Act22 and the Hospitalization Act23 stipulate the requirements when depriving a person of their liberty in nursing homes, homes for the elderly, facilities for people with disabilities, hospitals and psychiatric facilities.