Throughout the chapter “removals” is used synonymously for production when roundwood produced in the forest is actually removed as opposed to being stocked in the forest.
(...) United States roundwood removals increased by 1.0% and by 4.8 million m3, to overcome the drop in 1997, but not to recover the 1996 rate of removals (statistics were not available for Canada). (...) Nevertheless, softwood remains the largest species group: European softwood removals were
more than twice that of hardwood removals in 1998.
Language:English
Score: 494913.7
-
https://unece.org/fileadmin/DA.../timber/docs/rev-99/chap-7.pdf
Data Source: un
Second, carbon dioxide removal is essential if the world is to achieve its universally agreed sustainable development goals. (...) Enhancing governance of carbon dioxide removal could provide an excellent opportunity to focus and align regional and international efforts to attain global circular carbon economy. By working together, carbon dioxide removal has the potential to become a critical component of viable climate policy options for regions now and in the decades to come.
Language:English
Score: 494813.5
-
https://www.cepal.org/en/artic...s-urge-united-nations-regional
Data Source: un
Twenty-one (21) Contracting States, along with a representative from a national airline from each State are presently represented on the IATA/CAWG.
1.2 Based on analysis of existing national policies relating to deportation and removal processes adopted by the various Contracting States that began in 1998, IATA/CAWG identified significant inconsistencies in the processes employed to support deportee removals. In an effort to respond to these inconsistencies, and to provide best practice guidance to both aircraft operators and public authorities, IATA/CAWG developed and adopted its Guidelines for the Removal of Deportees (“Removal Guidelines”) in October, 1999. (...) The group recognized that an escort may be used for the removal of both inadmissible passengers and deportees, and that aircraft operators may employ, or require the use of an escort depending on the situation, and therefore decided to expand the definition found in the “Removal Guidelines” to more accurately reflect the circumstances where use of an escort might be warranted.
2.2 The group discussed the two provisions contained in the “Removal Guidelines” relating to the need for exchange of contact information between aircraft operators and Deportee States, particularly as relates to deportees and their transportation.
Language:English
Score: 494813.5
-
https://www.icao.int/Meetings/...p7-2012/WP10/FALP7.WP10.RU.pdf
Data Source: un
Marco Gercke
APPROACH TOWARDS CYBERCRIME
Gercke, Cybercrime
DECENTRALISED SERVICES
• Availability of high-speed Internet connections and server infrastructure today enables the development of storage/processing concepts that are not anymore based on local but decentralised storage/processing
• „cloud computing“ and „cloud storage“
• New opportunities for industry – but in a contested environment
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EXAMPLE: AMAZON CLOUD COMPUTING
Page: 2
Internetkriminalität Seite: 3
DECENTRALIZED SERVICES
• Ability to use low-level end user systems for highly complex operations
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IPHONE CLOUD
Internetkriminalität Seite: 4
DECENTRALIZED SERVICE
• ExampleGoogle Maps,
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GOOGLE MAPS
Cybercrime
SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW
Page: 5
Gercke, Cybercrime
DECENTRALISED SERVICES
Local storage
Page: 6
Illegal Access
Insider Attacks
Gercke, Cybercrime
RISKS
Local storage
Page: 7
Illegal Access
Hindering Transfer Interception of communication
Cloud Services
Illegal Access
Insider Attacks
„Legal“ Access
System Interference
Cybercrime
SOLUTION
• Within HIPCAR/ICB4PAC/HIPSSA comprehensive regional legal frameworks are developed that address the various crimes
• This includes issues like illegal acquisition of computer data (data espionage), identity-related crime
Page: 8
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HIPCAR
(1) If a judge is satisfied on the basis of [information on oath/affidavit] that in an investigation concerning an offence listed in paragraph 5 hereinbelow there are reasonable grounds to believe that essential evidence can not be collected by applying other instruments listed in Part IV but is reasonably required for the purposes of a criminal investigation, the judge [may/ shall] on application authorize a police officer to utilize a remote forensic software with the specific task required for the investigation and install it on the suspect’s computer system in order to collect the relevant evidence. (...) Cybercrime
PROCEDURAL LAW
Page: 9
Gercke, Cybercrime
DECENTRALISED SERVICES
• Cloud storage provider might host data for thousands of customers
• Traditional approaches like seizing all relevant IT-systems might in this case not be an option as it could affect thousands of businesses
Page: 10
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SERVER
Gercke, Cybercrime
DECENTRALISED SERVICES
• Law enforcement might not have the possibility to physically seize evidence
• More sophisticated instruments might be required
• Includes activating a computer system
Page: 11
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HIPCAR
(16) Seize includes: a) activating any onsite computer system and computer data storage media; b) making and retaining a copy of computer data, including by using onsite equipment; c) maintaining the integrity of the relevant stored computer data; d) rendering inaccessible, or removing, computer data in the accessed computer system; e) taking a printout of output of computer data; or f) seize or similarly secure a computer system or part of it or a computer-data storage medium;
Cybercrime
ENCRYPTION
• In order to avoid some of the above mentioned attacks technical solutions are used
• One example is encryption technology
• Use of such technology can seriously interfere with the work of law enforcement
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EXAMPLE PGP
Page: 12
Cybercrime
SOLUTION
• With regard to the use of encryption technology by offenders solutions for LEA are required
• This includes technical as well as legal solutions
• Within HIPCAR/ICB4PAC/HIPSSA comprehensive regional legal frameworks are developed that address the issue of sophisticated investigation instruments
Page: 13
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HIPCAR
(1) If a judge is satisfied on the basis of [information on oath/affidavit] that in an investigation concerning an offence listed in paragraph 5 hereinbelow there are reasonable grounds to believe that essential evidence can not be collected by applying other instruments listed in Part IV but is reasonably required for the purposes of a criminal investigation, the judge [may/ shall] on application authorize a police officer to utilize a remote forensic software with the specific task required for the investigation and install it on the suspect’s computer system in order to collect the relevant evidence. (...) Introduction of digital evidence as additional evidence
• Influence is not limited to the fact that courts need to deal with digital evidence
• Even the design of courtrooms is influenced
Page: 17
Cybercrime
DIGITAL DATA
• One explanation for the emerging importance of digital evidence is the fact that the number of digital documents are intensively increasing
• Costs for storing one MB of data was constantly decreasing during the last decades
• Today it is cheaper to store information digitally than to keep physical copies
10 MB 1981
676 MB 1990
10.000.000 MB 1996
70.000.000 MB 2000
2.000.000.000 MB 2009
Page: 18
Gercke, Cybercrime
DECENTRALISED SERVICES
• With regard to cloud computing the presentation of electronic evidence in court might be required
• Essential that there are rules in place that allow such process
• Within HIPCAR/ICB4PAC/HIPSSA comprehensive regional legal framework are developed that address the issue of admissibility of electronic evidence
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EXAMPLE: AMAZON CLOUD COMPUTING
Page: 19
Cybercrime
LIABILITY OF ISPS
Page: 20
Gercke, Cybercrime
DECENTRALISED SERVICES
Local storage
Cloud Services
Page: 21
Se rv
er
N et
w or
k
Cl ie
nt
Cybercrime
SOLUTION
• The involvement of Internet Service Provider at various stages raises the question of liability
• Within HIPCAR/ICB4PAC/HIPSSA comprehensive regional legal frameworks are developed that address the issue ISP liability
Page: 22
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HIPCAR
(1) A hosting provider is not criminally liable for the information stored at the request of a user of the service, on condition that: (a) the hosting provider expeditiously removes or disables access to the information after receiving an order from any public authority or court of law to remove specific illegal information stored; or (b) the hosting provider, upon obtaining knowledge or awareness about specific illegal information stored by other ways than an order from a public authority, expeditiously informs a public authority to enable them to evaluate the nature of the information and if necessary issue an order to remove the content.
Language:English
Score: 494813.5
-
https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/arb/...yForum-Eg/Docs/Doc3-Gercke.pdf
Data Source: un
Inadmissible Persons and Deportees: IATA’s Experiences and Concerns
Inadmissible Persons and Deportees:
IATA’s Experiences and Concerns
ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar
23-26 March 2015 – Bangkok
Focus Areas
Definitions
SARPS and how they should impact decisions
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
How we can improve cooperation and ensure
safe and timely removals
2 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
Definitions
Deportee:
A person who had legally been admitted to
a State by its authorities or who had
entered a State illegally, and who at some
later time is formally ordered by the
competent authorities to leave that State.
3 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
Definitions
Inadmissible Person
A person who is or will be refused
admission to a State by its authorities.
11 September 2014 4 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
Definitions
Deportation Order
A written order, issued by the competent
authorities of a State and served upon a
deportee, directing him to leave that State.
5 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
Definitions
Removal Order:
A written order served by a State on the
operator on whose flight an inadmissible
person travelled into that State, directing
the operator to remove that person from its
territory.
6 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
SARPS and how they should impact decisions
3.43 The aircraft operator shall be responsible for the
custody and care of disembarking passengers and crew
members from the time they leave the aircraft until they
are accepted for examination as provided in 3.42.
3.45 The responsibility of an aircraft operator for custody
and care of passengers and crew members shall
terminate from the moment such persons have been
admitted into that State.
7 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
SARPS and how they should impact decisions
5.3 Contracting States shall without delay notify the
aircraft operator, confirming this as soon as possible in
writing, when a person is found inadmissible, pursuant to
3.44.
8 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
SARPS and how they should impact decisions
5.9 The aircraft operator shall be responsible for the cost
of custody and care of an improperly documented
person from the moment that person is found
inadmissible and returned to the aircraft operator for
removal from the State.
9 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
SARPS and how they should impact decisions
5.9.1 The State shall be responsible for the cost of
custody and care of all other categories of inadmissible
persons, including persons not admitted due to
document problems beyond the expertise of the aircraft
operator or for reasons other than improper documents,
from the moment these persons are found inadmissible
until they are returned to the aircraft operator for removal
from the State.
11 September 2014 10 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
SARPS and how they should impact decisions
5.16 Contracting States shall not prevent the departure
of an operator’s aircraft pending a determination of
admissibility of any of its arriving passengers.
(...) Contracting
States shall indicate to the deportee the name of the
destination State.
5.18 Contracting States removing deportees from their
territories shall assume all obligations, responsibilities
and costs associated with the removal..
12 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
SARPS and how they should impact decisions
5.20 Contracting States, in making arrangements for the
removal of a deportee to a destination State, shall use
direct non-stop flights whenever practicable.
5.21 A Contracting State, when presenting a deportee
for removal, shall ensure that all official travel
documentation required by any transit and/or destination
State is provided to the aircraft operator.
13 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
SARPS and how they should impact decisions
5.19 Contracting States, when making arrangements with an
aircraft operator for the removal of a deportee, shall make
available the following information as soon as possible, but
in any case not later than 24 hours before the scheduled
time of departure of the flight: a) a copy of the deportation order, if legislation of the Contracting State allows for
it;
b) a risk assessment by the State and/or any other pertinent information that
would help the aircraft operator assess the
risk to the security of the flight; and
c) the names and nationalities of any escorts.
14 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
SARPS and how they should impact decisions
Obvious that Annex 9 addresses Deportees and
Inadmissible Persons as entirely separate issues
Roles and responsibilities are clearly defined:
Deportees are a State responsibility
Inadmissible Persons are largely airline responsibility
Cooperation and communication is clearly anticipated
15 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
The Good
Government and airline communicate
Each assumes its roles and responsibilities
Concerns are addressed and policies observed
The removal or return takes place as scheduled
16 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
The Bad
Scenario 1:
21 Transit Passengers
Falsified documents noted but outbound planed blocked
Receiving carrier ordered to accept and carry onward
Scenario 2:
Family of 5 with 1 found with expired passport – all ordered
back on full flight after 5 hour delay. Flight with 225 held
pending
17 others with complex flights missed flights and waited 3
days.
17 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
The Ugly
21 year old female deportee
2 attempts to deport fail due coached bad behaviour
Carrier forced to accept against internal policy for 3rd
removal attempt on a commercial flight
Prior to departure, escorts attempt to subdue, and
deportee fatally injured in front of other passengers
As bad as it can possibly get
18 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
How it should work in real life
States and airlines must understand their obligations
under Annex 9 and abide by appropriate SARPS
Deportees and INADPAX ARE different cases and need
to be handled accordingly
Communication and cooperation are critical
Ensuring Aviation Security is essential
19 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
How it should work in real life
Guidance materials exist to describe options and best
practices
ICAO’s Facilitation Manual is a resource
IATA/Control Authorities Working Group have
established “informal” best practice guides based on
Annex 9 SARPs that describe appropriate solutions in
detail
20 23-26 March 2015 ICAO Regional Facilitation Seminar 2015 – Bangkok
Thank You !
Language:English
Score: 494553.76
-
https://www.icao.int/APAC/Meet...0Persons%20and%20Deportees.pdf
Data Source: un
Second, it looks specifically at friction and explores how it can be added and removed to create more effective hiring practices. (...) Both types of barriers are important and often necessitate different solutions.
3. Add Fuel, Remove Friction
Once we have identified the key behavior and the barriers preventing that behavior, we look to remove friction (i.e., implement ways to reduce barriers) and add fuel (i.e., adopt a mix of incentives) to create behavior change.
(...) Applied offers a tool that removes names from job applications while both chunking and randomizing application details prior to presenting information to decision-makers who evaluate candidates’ qualifications (Babbage, 2020).
Language:English
Score: 494491.7
-
https://unpan.un.org/sites/unp...ts%20report%20-%20chapter7.pdf
Data Source: un
Paper and paperboard
mt
n.a.
n.a.
4,031
5,062
10,075
16,472
22,643
n.a.
n.a.
Roundwood (Removals)
m3
n.a.
n.a.
158,678
91,319
150,835
193,290
231,742
n.a.
n.a.
(...) Paper and paperboard
mt
n.a.
n.a.
1,262
3,252
6,216
10,146
14,318
n.a.
n.a.
Roundwood (Removals)
m3
n.a.
n.a.
59,197
94,961
136,932
178,393
217,390
n.a.
n.a.
(...) Paper and paperboard
mt
n.a.
n.a.
350
1,810
3,859
6,326
8,325
n.a.
n.a.
Roundwood (Removals)
m3
n.a.
n.a.
4,274
-3,642
13,903
14,897
14,352
n.a.
n.a.
Language:English
Score: 494389.6
-
https://unece.org/fileadmin/DA...r/docs/stats-25/supp/WA3-8.doc
Data Source: un
International Cooperation
ITU GUIDE!
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CYBERCRIME Page: 4
ITU GUIDE!
(...) Challenge
ITU GUIDE!
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CYBERCRIME Page: 38
CHALLENGES
•! (...) Picture removed in print version
AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION
•!
Language:English
Score: 493560.9
-
https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/...damentals-brisbane-july-08.pdf
Data Source: un
Physical removal of inadmissible person 7. Miscellaneous provisions
9 May 2013 Page 12
3. (...) Consultation on [time-frame] for removal: [RP5.4 → FALP/7 Standard!]
→ allow operator sufficient time to remove via own services or make other arrangements
4. (...) Physical removal of inadmissible person 7. Miscellaneous provisions
9 May 2013 Page 19
3.
Language:English
Score: 493458.54
-
https://www.icao.int/NACC/Docu...13/FALWORKSHOP2013/FAL-P10.pdf
Data Source: un
Consultation on [time-frame] for removal: [RP5.4 → Amd. 24 Standard!]
→ allow operator sufficient time to remove via own services or make other arrangements
3. (...) INADMISSIBLE PERSONS
5. Physical removal of inadmissible person
● 5.11 The aircraft operator shall remove the inadmissible person to: → a) the point where he commenced his journey; or
→ b) to any place where he is admissible [citizen or resident]
● RP 5.11.1 States to consult with aircraft operators: most practicable place to which inad person to be removed
20 February 2014 Page 18
3. (...) IATA/CAWG: → Guidelines for the Removal of Deportees
20 February 2014 Page 27
INADMISSIBLE PERSONS/DEPORTEES
QUESTIONS?
Language:English
Score: 493458.54
-
https://www.icao.int/ESAF/Docu...%20and%20Deportees%20-ICAO.pdf
Data Source: un
