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ZCL is widely distributed in areas with suitable types of vegetation to support the rodent carrier P. obesus while ACL is transmitted in areas with densely populated towns and villages and peri-urban areas. (...) RICCAR bias- corrected RCM Land use (ZCL) • Bare soil cover with minimal vegetation= 1 • Shrubs, grassland, cropland= 0.25 • Forest area= 0 The rodent reservoir host is found in desert or semi-desert regions with sandy soils. (...) Within exposed areas, zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by focal outbreaks, whereby foci occur in areas with suitable vegetation for the rodent reservoir's host in proximity to human populations.

There was post-mortem damage to both feet and the left knee consistent with rodent activity. /... A/48/958 S/1994/767 English Page 4 Case 3. (...) There was post-mortem loss of some tissue from the toes of the left foot consistent with rodent activity. Case 8. MAMEDOV, Eldar (Chakhbaba ogly) There was a single gunshot wound to the head, entering at the right temple and exiting at the left temple. (...) There was a post-mortem loss of skin on the wall of the abdomen in continuity with the autopsy incision and suggesting rodent activity. Case 9. GOUILIEV, Faig (Gabil ogly) There was a single gunshot wound to the head entering at the right temple and passing markedly backwards to exit towards the back of the head on the left side.

Overviews of the “Acute Toxicity of Hydroquinone in Rodents” and the “United Nations Data Sheet for New or Amended Classification of Substances” are included in this document. 2. Proposals Proposal 1 ICCA proposes that the listing for HYDROQUINONE, UN 2662 be deleted from the Dangerous Goods List in Chapter 3.2 of the Model Regulations Proposal 2 As a consequential amendment, delete HYDROQUINONE, 6.1, 2662 from the INDEX GE.03-21416 ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/2003/17 page 2 Annex Annex THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF HYDROQUINONE IN RODENTS - AN OVERVIEW Summary The table below is a chronological description of the numerous acute oral toxicity studies conducted on hydroquinone (HYDROQUINONE) in rodents. (...) Species Result (mg/kg) Reference Rat 370 – 390 Hodge and Sterner, 1949 Rat 320 Woodard et al., 1949 Rat 302 Woodard, 1951 Mice 390 Woodard, 1951 Rats 298 – 1,295 Carlson and Brewer, 1953 Rats 720 Mozhayev et al., 1966 Mice 340 Mozhayev et al., 1966 Rats 780 Anikeeva, 1974 Rats 680 Christian et al., 1980 Rats 375 Shepard, 2002 (Unpublished data) Background and Review of Individual Studies The acute oral toxicity of HYDROQUINONE in rodents has been evaluated in numerous studies, the vast majority of which were conducted prior to the establishment of standardized protocols and the enactment of GLP study assurances.

Subsequently a common rodent in African villages, the multimammate rat, was found to be the most likely source of infection. (...) With live microbial agents death of the insect or rodent occurs through infection; with microbial toxins death is produced by toxic effects. (...) One bacterial species (Salmonella enteriditis) used in rodent control is, however, a facultative pathogen for man and precautions are necessary for the avoidance of infection.

Quality tolerances Permitted defects (per cent of defective fruit by weight) Tolerances allowed EXTRA Class I Class II Total tolerances 5 12 16a Rancid, rotten, mouldy, having a bad smell or taste,1 2 3 b damaged by insects or attacked by rodents c d e e f e Not fully developed, including shrunken and shrivelled,2 4 8 stained and yellowish kernels Mechanically damaged and pieces 3 8 10g Twin hazelnuts (not included in the total tolerance)2 5 8 Inshell hazelnuts, shell or tegument fragments, dust and0.25 0.25 0.25 foreign matter Total tolerance for old crop shall be 6 per cent, 13 per cent and 18 per cent respectively in Extra Class,a Class I and Class II provided that the marking indicates the crop year or the mention "Old Crop". (...) Any trace of damage by rodents is ae disqualifying defect. Reservation by Romania requesting 1% tolerance for mouldy for Class I. Romania agrees with the 2%f total tolerance for “Rancid, rotten, mouldy , having a bad smell or taste damaged by insects or attacked by rodents” for Class I.” The percentage of pieces may not exceed 0.5 per cent, 1 per cent and 2 per cent respectively ing Extra Class, Class I and Class II.