In the UNECE Region over 100 million people are spending more than 40% of their income on housing. This places them well over the affordability threshold. 48% of people aged 18-29 are still living with their parents. (...) With proper economic management and the right legislative framework there is no reason why you cannot live in a world where stable housing doesn’t mean 20 years of debt, where stable housing doesn’t mean moving every 6 months, where stable housing doesn’t mean forfeiting 40% of the family income.
(...) This issue is a priority for the UNECE because better access to affordable and stable housing will free up more of people’s income, allowing them to improve other aspects of their standard of living.
Language:English
Score: 1204052.3
-
https://unece.org/stories/choose-house
Data Source: un
.
• In much the same way that the definition of bankability varies, the criteria that is used to
determine bankability of a project also varies widely and is dependent on the rules,
guidelines, goals, agenda and perspective of the financier. .
2
Why The Need To Develop Bankable Transport Projects
Criteria
Two Common Criteria:
1.The project country environment (these are “upstream” considerations and can include social,
economic, political, and legal /regulatory environments as well as institutions); and
2.Project preparation and planning (this can include pre-feasibility / feasibility studies, financial
structure, third party risk allocation and contract arrangement).
3
Why The Need To Develop Bankable Transport Projects
Why the Need
Lenders need:
• Know location of the project, in terms of the economy;
• Assess factors such as income because it can for example, determine user’s
willingness/ability to pay a toll along a road, for example;
• To assess currency stability is important when considering bankability issues;
• Want tax regime applicable to projects to be sufficiently stable because the lenders need to
forecast their exposure to tax liability and insert it into their financial models.;
• Good political stability to avoid projects being derailed-changes in political leadership can
also overturn previous commitments to infrastructure projects. On the other hand, strong
political commitment can accelerate infrastructure development.
4
Why The Need To Develop Bankable Transport Projects
5
Criteria What financiers are looking for
Economic environment ▪ GDP growth trend (performance of the economy).
▪ High existing or increasing income levels.
▪ A sound macro-economy creating increasing output and real income growth.
▪ Low and stable inflation rate.
▪ Stable local currency and a stable exchange rate.
▪ Financial markets / domestic capital markets capable of providing domestic (additional) financing.
▪ Public debt management.
▪ High level of infrastructure development / connectivity of the country.
Language:English
Score: 1202996.5
-
https://www.un.org/ohrlls/site...ankable_transport_projects.pdf
Data Source: un
Conclusions
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 3
Mandate MOP-12007
… in the longer term, consideration should be given to establishing stable and predictable financing arrangements for the core elements of the programme of work, for example by using the UN Scale of Assessments or other appropriate scales
WGWH 2009 … request the Joint Secretariat, in cooperation with the Bureau, to
prepare a proposal with alternative options for financing the programme of work. This would be considered at its third meeting, with a view of submitting conclusions for possible adoption by the Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol at its second session
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 4
Broader UN framework
UNGA Resolution 2997 (XXVII) Need for “stable, adequate and predictable
financial resources”
UNGA Resolution 62/208 Stresses that core resources, because of their untied nature,
continue to be the bedrock of the operational activities […] and […] notes […] that the share of the core contributions […] has declined […] and recognizes the need […] to address, on a continuous basis, the imbalance between core and non-core resources
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 5
Financial and in-kind
SWE 26%
ITA 22%FRA
20%
SWI 8%
CRO 5%
OSCE 10%
EC 9%
SWE ITA FRA SWI CRO OSCE EC
NOR, 32%
SWI, 31%
ROM, 12%
GER, 9%
NET, 4%FIN, 4% FRA, 3%
HUN, 1%
NOR SWI ROM GER NET FIN FRA HUN
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 6
(Barely) Hanging in there…
2007: Core 2.5 2007: Overall 3.1 Income (cash and
kind): 1,6 2010: Core: 4 2010: Overall: 4.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
m ill
io n
U S
$
Series1 3.1 2.5 1.6 4.0 4.5
Overall Core Income New Core New Overall
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 7
Conclusion 1 Parent organizations needed to
contribute substantially Trust Fund and direct contribution were
not sufficient to meet the needs of the approved work plan
Stable, adequate and predictable financial resources were not realized
Yet demand is growing
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 8
UN Scale of Assessment
UN MS are “taxed” in the form of a % allocation of UN Expenses based on GNI/capita
Same basis for contribution to WHO
Maximum: 22% of core budget Minimum: 0.001% of core budget
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 9
Tiered assessment scale
World Bank Method based on GNI/c Three groups:
Low income: $975 or less Lower middle income: $976 - $3,855 Upper middle income: $3,856 - $11,905
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 10
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 11
ODA vs proposed contribution $1,000 ODA UNSA % Tiered %
BEL 74,000 75 0.10 69 0.09
DEU 516,000 298 0.06 69 0.01
FIN 36,000 38 0.11 69 0.19
FRA 299,000 298 0.10 69 0.02
LUX 11,000 6 0.05 69 0.62
NET 392,000 127 0.03 69 0.02
NOR 31,000 53 0.17 69 0.22
SWI 38,000 83 0.22 69 0.18
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 12
Comparison global MEA
Global MEAs with specific financing provisions Basel Convention (art 14 sub 1 and 2) Convention on Biological Diversity (art 20,
21)
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 13
Comparison regional MEAs
Regional MEAs with specific financing provisions: Baltic Sea OSPAR Barcelona Convention
Danube River Convention Rhine River Convention
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 14
Non-monetary contributions
Junior or associate experts Staff secondment to the Joint
Secretariat Strengthening national institutions In-kind contributions
Leadership of subsidiary bodies Operational cost coverage (meetings, publ)
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 15
Conclusion 2 UN Scale of Assessment or tiered
contributions are used in many global and MEAs as mandatory contribution
Resulting financial contributions under the Protocol would be modest, especially when compared to ODA
Non-monetary contributions can be important to meet human and operational resource needs but require formalization
27 - 28 May 2010 WGWH 16
For the MOP-2 The need for “stable,
adequate and predictable financial resources” needs to be on the Agenda
Options need to be discussed – paper with UNSA applied to core budget to be tabled
Countries to consider and report
Language:English
Score: 1193511.3
-
https://unece.org/fileadmin/DA...l_options_for_the_Protocol.pdf
Data Source: un
.” – The Business Twenty (B20) Taskforce (2017
• In much the same way that the definition of bankability varies, the criteria that is used to
determine bankability of a project also varies widely and is dependent on the rules,
g u i d e l i n e s , g o a l s , a g e n d a a n d p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e f i n a n c i e r. .
2
Why The Need To Develop Bankable Transport Projects
Criteria
Two Common Criteria:
1.The project country environment (these are “upstream” considerations and can include social,
economic, political, and legal /regulatory environments as well as institutions); and
2.Project preparation and planning (this can include pre-feasibility / feasibility studies, financial
structure, third party risk allocation and contract arrangement).
3
Why The Need To Develop Bankable Transport Projects
Why the Need
Lenders need:
• Know location of the project, in terms of the economy;
• Assess factors such as income because i t can for example, determine user ’s
willingness/ability to pay a toll along a road, for example;
• To assess currency stability is important when considering bankability issues;
• Want tax regime applicable to projects to be sufficiently stable because the lenders need to
forecast their exposure to tax liability and insert it into their financial models.;
• Good political stability to avoid projects being derailed-changes in political leadership can
also overturn previous commitments to infrastructure projects. On the other hand, strong
political commitment can accelerate infrastructure development.
4
Why The Need To Develop Bankable Transport Projects
5
Criteria What financiers are looking for
Economic environment GDP growth trend (performance of the economy).
High existing or increasing income levels. A sound macro-economy creating
increasing output and real income growth.
Low and stable inflation rate. Stable local currency and a stable
exchange rate. Financial markets / domestic capital
markets capable of providing domestic (additional) financing.
Public debt management. High level of infrastructure development
/ connectivity of the country.
Language:English
Score: 1186664.6
-
https://www.un.org/ohrlls/site...ankable_transport_projects.pdf
Data Source: un
The text downloadable from Science Direct
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
(c) Cable
(b) mobile
(d) satellite
Consumer End Uses •video • games • medical •home shopping via • internet • call centres
IXC2 IXC2
IXC POT(a) PSDN IXC
(e) local bypass Business End Uses • data transfer • video conferencing • group work • CAD/CAM
Local carrier
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
•A Hierarchy of Forecasts
lOverall demand for an application
lCompetition within technologies to service application
lCompetition between suppliers
l Once investment in place ä operating costs are minimal
Forecasting Implications ä e.g. for entrants, price collusion, price leadership
Usage
Access
Equipment
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
•
n Stable Markets - aggregate ä Public Switched
n Stable Markets - disaggregate ä Calling patterns
nGrowth Markets ä Special Services ä New services
l ADSL
n Operations
Types of Telecommunications Forecasting Problems
Ø Corporate/ regulator data available
Ø Surveys, customer behaviour
Ø Intentions Surveys Ø Feature evaluations Ø Trial markets Ø Analogies
– other products – other countries
Ø Delphi/ Expert judgement
Ø Statistical time series methods
Different problems - different organisational responsibilitiesDifferent problems - different organisational responsibilities
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
Stable Markets
• Point-to-point PSTN – Local, long-distance, international
• Drivers – Price, income, advertising, ‘value-for-money’
• Problem-specific drivers – Call-back on international
• Price elasticity declining – Depends on price, culture
Econometric models with Focus on price elasticity estimation
US international message telephone service (IMTS): (Econometric comparisons, Madden et al, IJF)
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
Conclusions - Stable MarketsConclusions - Stable Markets
n Increasing econometric sophistication Ø model specification (externalities: market
size) Ø diagnostics Ø multicollinearity - the interrelationship
between the explanatory variables, e.g ownership of durables and income
•But no stability or forecasting tests
•Time varying coefficients?
(...) © Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
Stable Markets – Disaggregate Stable Markets – Disaggregate
Access & Usage • Based on Cross-sectional household data • Conditional models of usage, given choice of technology
or carrier • Focus on price elasticity
– By household demographics to support universal service analysis – Linked to marketing planning
Evaluation: Despite their use for forecasting • Dynamics of change not taken into account • No forecasting evaluation
Evaluation: Despite their use for forecasting • Dynamics of change not taken into account • No forecasting evaluation
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
New Products & ServicesNew Products & Services
• Market Potential – mobile – ‘really new products’, e.g. 3G
• Diffusion Path – E.g mobile
• But now market dominated by ‘switchers’?
ØIntentions Surveys ØFeature evaluations ØChoice models ØTrial markets ØAnalogies
– other products – other countries
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
First generation Up to T
Both generations, Competition
Time line
Adopters at T-1
Market Potential for first generation, M1
Adopters at T
Adopters & Users at T
Leavers Switchers
Exit
Adopters & Users at T+1
Adopters & Users at T+1
Switchers
ExitExit
Market Potential for second generation, M2
M1, not M2
Leavers
Forecasting telecommunication service subscribers in substitutive and competitive environments, Jun et al, IJF, 2002
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
Competition between TechnologiesCompetition between Technologies
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 10 20 30 40 50
Period
1s t
G en
'io n
1st Gen'ion
2nd Gen'ion
TOTAL
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
Segmentation Approaches to Forecasting)
Small
Large Commercial
Large Service
Business
Income > 30K
Income < 30K
Professional
Business Subscribers
Attending College Not attending
Below 21 years
Income < 20K
21 - 50
Income > 30K Income <30K
Not retired Retired
> 50
Personal Subscribers
All users
• Forecast consumption in each segment • Project numbers in each segment }and multiply
Market Potential -Decomposition Methods I (applies to new and established markets
Market Potential -Decomposition Methods I (applies to new and established markets
© Robert Fildes, IIF & Lancaster Centre for Forecasting
Decomposition Methods IIDecomposition Methods II
Step: 1.
Language:English
Score: 1179966.6
-
https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/fina...asting/fildes-presentation.pdf
Data Source: un
Youth in Lebanon learning to make bread through UNICEF project for more stable income opportunities | UNICEF Lebanon
Skip to main content
Lebanon
Toggle navigation
English
العربية
Global Links
Visit UNICEF Global
High contrast
Lebanon
EXPLORE UNICEF
ABOUT US
Who We Are
Edouard Beigbeder
Campaigns
Emergencies
Lebanon Neighbourhood Profiles
Imagine a School
Exposure
Contact Us
The adventures of Jad and Tala
Press Centre
Donate
Main navigation
What we do
Research and reports
Stories
Take action
Search area has closed.
(...) Search Close
Search UNICEF
Fulltext search
Max
Article
Youth in Lebanon learning to make bread through UNICEF project for more stable income opportunities
Across Lebanon, youth, including those with disability, are learning the art of breadmaking through UNICEF in order to secure new skills to open their own business or work for a bakery, at a time in Lebanon when bread couldn’t be more important
UNICEF Lebanon
UNICEF2022/Fouad-Choufany/Lebanon
Available in:
English
العربية
16 September 2022
With a natural movement, Amne takes a ball of dough in her hands, stretches it out with her fingertips then alternates slapping it into each hand, making the surface expand.
(...) “Now I can support myself and I have something stable, this is the first time I have a skill in something,” Amer says.
Language:English
Score: 1159980.7
-
https://www.unicef.org/lebanon...re-stable-income-opportunities
Data Source: un
In view of these persons’ limited sources of income, their ability to secure and maintain housing under standard conditions may be restricted. (...) The goal is to enable households, under stipulated conditions, to use a flat that they could not normally afford with their income level (senior citizens or the handicapped), without this impacting the motivation to appropriately adapt their housing to their income levels.
2
Strategy National housing policy in the Czech Republic is represented by the “Housing Concept of the Czech Republic up to 2020” approved by the Czech Government. (...) It is the obligation of the public sector to help them on the principle of solidarity, thus creating a stable environment within communities and society as a whole.
Language:English
Score: 1131977.1
-
https://unece.org/DAM/RCM_Webs...udy_SDG11_1_Czech_Republic.pdf
Data Source: un
A phase III, randomized, double-blind, active,
controlled, multinational, multicentre, non-
inferiority trial using Carbetocin room
temperature stable (RTS) for the prevention of
postpartum haemorrhage during the third stage of
labour in women delivering vaginally.
(...) Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality
in low-income countries and it contributes to nearly a quarter of maternal
deaths globally. (...) Carbetocin appears to be a promising agent in the prevention
of PPH, is a more stable molecule and induces a prolonged uterine
response, when administered postpartum.
Language:English
Score: 1121633.6
-
https://www.who.int/reproducti...health/projects/Carbetocin.pdf
Data Source: un
All types require a relatively flat and stable or semi-stable sandy land, protected by shelterbelts.
1. (...) In this way the slope above the fence becomes stable and may serve as back wall for the greenhouse.
(...) This type of greenhouse is very stable, and the space of its back wall is available.
Language:English
Score: 1121520.8
-
https://www.fao.org/forestry/5...075d3bc064b91b729b51762e7a.pdf
Data Source: un
.
• Unemployment rates in Africa have remained relatively stable since the onset of the crisis (0.1 percentage point increase between 2008 and 2012). (...) Even though there has been some important progress in the reduction of income inequalities, additional efforts are needed. (...) Meanwhile, the size of the middle income group in North Africa has doubled among lower-middle economies (for which data are available), and more than doubled among upper-middle economies (for which data are available) between 1999 and 2010.
• Over the past few years, income inequalities have continued to narrow in African economies (similar to other developing economies), however they remain relatively high.
Language:English
Score: 1115004.4
-
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/gro...s/briefingnote/wcms_214527.pdf
Data Source: un