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It is now well established that harm reduction interventions include opioid substitution therapy, which is an extremely effective way to prevent HIV transmission and improve the lives of people who inject drugs.33 Studies have indicated that patients under methadone maintenance treatment and buprenorphine substitution therapy are more likely to discontinue or considerably decrease their use of illegal psychoactive substances. (...) The 2005 Act also lays down the basis and conditions by which people using drugs may be treated in accordance with the substitution treatment programme. A programme of this type may be provided by a health care centre licensed by the provincial governor upon the recommendation of the Head of the National Bureau for Drug Prevention. It establishes the following criteria for admission: • Substitution treatment may be provided where a patient has been addicted to opioids for at least three years, • Is 18 years of age or over, • Conventional treatment attempts have failed, • He/she promises to abstain from narcotic and psychotropic substances, and 35 Idem. 36 Act of Law of 29 July 2005 on counteracting drug addiction (Journal of Laws 2005. 179. 1485). 37 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2008 National Report to EMCDDA, Poland: New Development, Trends and In-depth information on selected issues. p. 7-8. 38 Ibid, p. 8.

The victim promoted the implementation of the Comprehensive National Programme for the Substitution of Illicit Crops (PNIS), which was established under the peace agreement. (...) Three months earlier, the families who had signed the voluntary substitution agreements and the community leader received threats, which were reported to the authorities. (...) OHCHR highlights the efforts made by the Illicit Crop Substitution Division (Dirección para la Sustitución de Cultivos Ilícitos) to expedite the signing of collective agreements.

联 合 国 S/2017/272 安全理事会 Distr.: General 21 April 2017 Chinese Original: English 17-06469 (C) 110717 140717 *1706469* 2017年 3月

Several of the victims were apparently killed because of their support for policies deriving from the agreement, such as the substitution of illicit crops and integral rural reform, reflecting a new trend in motives behind killings. (...) The State and the international community should support this historic opportunity, and not undermine it through forced eradication; more than 100,000 coca growers have in fact expressed their interest in substitution. While the State and donors have to date concentrated on the quantity of coca eradicated as the goal, criteria based on rights and the peace agreement and focused on crop substitution is required. 42. The forced eradication of illicit crops conducted by the Ministry of Defence in areas where voluntary substitution agreements have been signed, or were being considered, have triggered protests and clashes.

Being fully aware of the health and social aspects of the problem, for several years the Voivodeship authorities have made efforts to introduce substitution therapy in the area of the Pomorskie Voivodeship. (...) None of 52 outpatient clinics or 8 permanent centres for treatment of addicts, including 8 centres for patients with AIDS, expressed their wish to introduce a substitution therapy. The proposed solutions consisting in establishment of a centre encountered difficulties in meeting the requirements of the Regulation of the Ministry of Health on specific conduct procedure in substitution treatment and detailed conditions to be met by a health care unit which provides substitution treatment. (...) Already in 2004, the authorities of the Pomorskie Voivodeship started negotiations with the Pomorskie Voivodeship Branch of the National Health Fund in order to plan an amount of money to be spent on substitution treatment of the patients, but due to organisational difficulties, no bids for providing such services were received in the tender procedure.

., Evaluation of methadone maintenance therapy programmes in Estonia, 2007; Peter Lawrinson, Robert Ali, Aumphornpun Buavirat, Sithisat Chiamwongpaet, Sergey Dvoryak, Boguslaw Habrat, Shi Jie, Ratna Mardiati, Azaraksh Mokri, Jacek Moskalewicz, David Newcombe, Vladimir Poznyak, Emilis Subata, Ambrose E/2014/9/Add.19 14-63844 (C) 10/11 Uchtenhagen, Diah S.Utami, Robyn Vial and Chengzheng Zhao, “Key findings from the WHO collaborative study on substitution therapy for opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS”, Addiction, 2008, 103, 1484-1492; Subata E., Pincevičiute E., “Opioid dependence treatment with naltrexone, national clinical protocol (in Lithuanian)”, 立 陶宛精神病学协会 , 2008 年 , p. 12; Michael Schaub, Emilis Subata, Victor Chtengelov, Gundo Weiler, Ambros Uchtenhagen, “Feasibility of Buprenorphine maintenance therapy programmes in Ukraine”, European Addiction Research, 2009,15: 157-162; Subata E., Karymbaeva S., Moller L., “Evaluation of opioid maintenance treatment in the Kyrgyz Republic”, 世卫组织欧洲区域办事处, p.16; Moller L., Karymbaeva S., Subata E., Kiaer T. (2009), “Evaluation of patients in opioid substitution therapy in the Kyrgyz Republic,” 世卫组织欧洲区域办事处; M. (...) Moller L., “Evaluation of opioid substitution therapy in prisons”, 吉尔吉斯斯坦试验研究，世卫组织欧洲区域办事处，2011年; Subata E., Gilman M., Alho H., Maremmani I.

Given the nature of the epidemic of HIV in Kazakhstan where the main reason of infection is the use of injecting drug, while ensuring universal access to HIV testing, counseling, treatment and care it is possible to proceed of substitution maintenance therapy for addicted A /H R C /13/G /15 12 G E.10-11729 № Comments Planned Activities Special Rapporteur expresses his concern that no needle exchange programme and drug substitution therapies are available in places of detention in Kazakhstan.

Decides that, with effect from 1 January 1975, annex IV to the Staff Regulations of the United Nations shall be amended by the substitution of the word "spouse" for the words "wife, dependent husband" where they occur; 3.

Diplomatic missions need to enhance their role in the protection of migrant workers, including in cases of abuse, contract substitution, withholding of passports and wages, or repatriation. (...) In the meantime, the Sri Lankan authorities should cooperate closely with the destination States, ensuring that the contract which is signed in Sri Lanka, in the SLBFE offices, is shared with the destination State for quick electronic registration, in order to prevent contract substitution. V. Women migrants and domestic workers 62.

Due to the difficulty in increasing separate waste collection rates of batteries, substitution of mercury with alternatives is the most effective way of reducing this environmental impact. (...) With the exception of long-life LFLs, LEDs have environmental benefits of increased product lifetime to LFLs. In addition to substitution with non-mercury LEDs, halophoslate lamps can be replaced with triband phosphor LFLs, which have a lower mercury content. (...) Study to assess socio-economic impact of substitution of certain mercury-based lamps currently benefitting of RoHS 2 exemptions in Annex III.