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The amendment was made by replacing “having the most members with membership identification cards and a proper name list of membership” with “having the list of the most members from whom union dues have been deducted” in Point (c) in order to make a trade union get the MRS more easily so that it can make a CBA with employer. 2.

This imbalance begotten and maintained by the international community has encouraged the Greek Cypriot side to have easily rejected to share power and prosperity with the Turkish Cypriot people and thus perpetuating the status quo.

E 经济及社会理事会 GE. 02-14166 (C) 190702 220702 联 合 国 Distr. GENERAL E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/38 27 June 2002 CHINESE Original: ENGLISH 人权委员会

Millennium Development Goals： A compact among nations to end human poverty： In a number of countries the Goals could be met more easily simply by improving the circumstances of people already better off … But while this approach may fit the letter of the Goals, it does not fit their spirit.

Sex tourism 26_ Sex tourism is One of the Inost Widespread forms of CSEC in Brazil_ Millions of foreign tourists Visit Brazil each year_ There Were Ovef S.3 Inillion in Z000， decreasing to Some 3.7 Inillion in ZO0Z， Inainly Originating in South America and Europe_5 The touristic image of Brazil is all too often associated Wi迂1 Stereotypical representations of young W0Inen， Inainly Afr0一BrazilianS， Portrayed half naked in tourist catalogues to convey 迂le Inessage 迂lat exotic Sexual adventures can easily be available to tourists during their Stay in 迂le country_ Brazil，S carnival is reportedly a catalyst of Sex tourism_ 27. (...) Root causes and contributing factors 29_ Child Sexual exploitation converges Wi迂1 O迂ler Social Pr0bleInS， Such as p0Verty， Social eXcluSiOn， child lab0ur， gender diScriIninati0n， and Violence_ 30_ II1 the contexts of poverty and Social eXcluSiOn， Organized crime takes advantage of the needy Situation of Poor families by Offering What Seems to be a quick Way to Inake Inoney_ Representatives of the National Movement of Street Child工en and Girl child工en (^勿口VZ阴E邝Z口 N况CZ口邝况Z 丕ZE ^勿E邝Z邝口S 6 ^勿E邝Z邝况S 丕ZE R眈况, MNMMR) reported that 4石sexually exploited child工en come from dysfunctional Situations Which lack Social programmes for their reintegration_ T丑ere is political Will but assistance programmes are Still inSufficient，，_ 31_ According to tl〕e G0VernInent， Out of 177 Inillion inhabitantS， 40 Inillion people Suffer from hunger， 20 Inillion of Whom are in extreme need_ TWenty Per cent of tl〕e Population of Rio de _Taneiro lives in favelas of Slums_ II1 SalVadOr， tl〕e Special Rapporteur Was informed about cases involving girls Who prostitute 迂lemselves for 20 cents_ 32_ Statistics On child labour for 2001 indicated that S_S Inillion child工en aged betWeen S and 17 Work_ TWenty一tWO per cent of Working child工en do Ilot attend School_ Five hund工ed 迂lousand girl child工en aged S to 14 Perform domestic Work_7 TT1iS is an invisible form of child labour 迂lat exposes girls to tl〕e risk of Sexual exploitation_ 33_ These are Scattered examples and data that Portray a reality of poverty and Social exclusion 迂lat exposes child工en to tl〕e risk of Sexual exploitation_ B0迂1 Public au由orities and NGOS pointed Out to tl〕e Special Rapporteur h0W Vulnerable Poor and Socially excluded child工en are to exploitation by Organized crime_ 4石Hungry People are easily recruited by Organized criIne，，， Said the General Public Prosecutor of Ba.hia Aquiles de _Teslis Siquara_ E/CN_4/2004/9/Add_2 Page 11 34_ Sexual abuse often leads to Sexual exploitation_ ABRAPIA，S Statistics indicated 迂lat S 8 per cent of cases of Sexual abuse Occurred Wi迂lin the faInily， Inainly Perpetrated by tl〕e father of Stepfa迂ler_ II1 Inost cases tl〕e perpetrator Was l〈n0Wn to tl〕e Victim_ When tl〕e abuser Was the only of Inain breadWinner， Inembers of tl〕e family Were reluctant to report tl〕e abuse to tl〕e competent authorities as it Would have put at risk the Sole income of tl〕e household_ These Situations often induced Victims to leave tl〕e family home and end up in tl〕e Streets of in Other precarious conditions that Inade 迂lem Vulnerable to CSEC_ BS_ II1 addition to intrafamily Vi0lence， the rise of Violence in Society Puts child工en at risk_ II1 Brazil， Some 4S，000 killings Occur every year_8 Many Victims are young Pe0Ple， Sometimes child工en_ II1 the Inost marginalized areas of tl〕e c0untry， Such as in the faVelaS， tl〕e State is Virtually absent_ This Vacuum is filled by Organized crime a.nd 迂le rule of Violence_ Only 1 to 2 Per cent of the Population of the favelas in Rio de _Taneiro is estimated to be involved in drug trafficking Organized in criminal gangs but tl〕e amazing quantity of arms circulating in the favelas and the degree of Violence Stigmatize tl〕e entire Population of the favela_ Adolescents and youths aged betWeen 13 and 24 are tl〕e age group Inost affected by firearm一related Inortality_ II1 Z000， there Were SSZ homicides of youths under 18 in Rio de Ianeiro_ TT1e armed response of tl〕e Police Perpetuates 由is cycle of Violence_ Officially， a total of SZ child工en under 18 Were killed by the Police during Police actions in 2001_ Vis一亘一vis tl〕e 12 killings registered in l998， tl〕e increase is of 333.3 per cent_9 36_ II1 this c0nteXt， Professionals committed to tl〕e protection of child工en，S rights in marginalized areas operate in a highly dangerous and hostile environment_ Programmes and NGOS that used to assist Street child工en， including those in CSEC， have had to Withd工aW educators from the Streets because they are 迂lreatened by Organized crime_ 37_ Race and ethnicity are determinants of Vulnerability to CSEC_ Trafficked Women and child工en are Inainly Afr0一Brazilian， as Were the Victims being assisted by the Inany Programmes and Shelters 迂lat Were Visited by tl〕e Special Rapporteur_ Stereotypical representations of the young Brazilian Woman conveying the Inessage of Sexual availability tend to Portray Afro一Brazilians_ 38_ A Situation of particular concern is 迂lat of indigenous peoples and child工en_ TT1e Special Rapporteur received information On tl〕e Situation of the 4l，000 indigenous people in Roraima_ The Violation of the right to land of indigenous pe0PleS， constitutionally recognized but Ilot implemented at tl〕e State leVel， is giving rise to Violence and a Series of further Violation of rights_ Prospectors (G况厂Z阴歹EZ厂口S) 4石inVaded，， indigenous lands and established 由eir Settlements around indigenous Villages Surrounding 迂lem_ Their presence inside Villages endangers tl〕e preservation of indigenous culture and generates Violence and eXpl0itatiOn， including Sexual exploitation of indigenous child工en_10 39_ Gender discrimination is a root cause of Sexual exploitation二 imbalanced gender relations in favour of Inen， Where p0Wer in tl〕e family and Society is Inainly held by Inen二 Stereotypical representations of Women as Sexual Objects Whose bodies are Perceived as commodities at the disposal of Inen， and uneven Share of family responsibilities that in tl〕e poorest Sectors forces mo迂lers to enter into prostitution to ensure the Survival of child工en， all 由ese are Inanifestations of gender inequalities 迂lat have direct links to Sexual exploitation_ E/CN_4/2004/9/Add_2 Page 12 40_ The Special Rapporteur is concerned about 迂le Situation of abortion_ Abortion in cases of rape of When the life of the mo迂ler is in danger has been legal Since 1940_ Rape is assumed When the girl is under 14 years of age_ NeVertheleSS， only 44 centres in 迂le Whole country provide legal abortion_ll This forces Inany Women to undergo abortion in Secrecy， Putting their lives at risk_ This is a denial of the right to health of Women_ 41_ Gay， leSbian， bisexual and transgender adolescents are Inore exposed to ViOlence， especially Psychological Violence_ Hostile reactions by Society to 迂leir gender and Sexuality Inay leave them alone in a marginalized Situation that exposes them to exploitation_ 42_ A Vicious cycle of Vi0lence， p0Verty， exclusion and discrimination perpetuates the Violation of child工en，S rights and traps 迂le Inost Vulnerable in Sexual exploitation_ A Inix of Inacro and Inicro elements combined With psychological factors contribute to a greater of lesser extent to determining Situations of CSEC_ II1 a non一exhaustive list of these Inacroelements 乏畏_re二 (a) S0ciety， S tolerance of justification of Sexual abuse and Violation of children，S rights at large二 (b) Social Programmes do Ilot incorporate families in extreme Situations of Poverty and Social exclusion二 (c) gender relations based On Power and abuse of Power in favour of Inen二 (d) race and ethnicity as determinants of Social exclusion二 (e) representation of 迂le body as an object for consumption channelled 迂lrough Inedia二 (f) child工en Starting 迂leir Sexual life at an early age， and (g) limited opportunities for income一generation activities for adolescents With Poor education_ Micro elements include二 (a) dysfunctional families二 (b) broken family ties二 (c) School d工opout二 (d) involvement With Socially excluded gr0uPS， a_nd (e) the pimp becoming 迂le reference Person replacing 迂le Vacuum left by 迂le absence of 迂le family_ The Psychological factors encompass二 (a) lack of Self一esteem二 (b) lack of a Plan of life and a future Perspective二 (c) Sense of guilt二 (d) indifference to emotions and affectiOn， and (e) internalization of a Stigmatized identity_ 12 III.

They cannot afford expensive housing, do not easily find jobs and even low-paying jobs are out of reach because, in most cases, they lack formal education. (...) For instance, in 1997 in the Caraga region, the average income of indigenous peoples was 42 per cent lower than the national average.23 Basic services such as health and education are more easily available in urban areas, leaving out the rural poor.

This belief is reportedly shared by persons of all educational and socioeconomic levels, who fear harm or misfortune that they see as caused deliberately through supernatural powers. People do not easily accept natural causes of illness, sickness or death, and commonly dismiss medical reasons that explain them.31 Therefore, the interrogation, torture, exile and even killing of people accused of sorcery as a means of punishment is allowed by some communities throughout the country.32 32.

Such fear is manifest in popular discourse and culture, and is very difficult to address on rational terms. It might easily cause the suggestions coming from the other side to be wasted.

The aim of the rules is to easily reveal victims, take urgent measures on protection of their rights, as well as provide the staff of relevant bodies with necessary information.

联 合 国 A/74/282 大 会 Distr.: General 7 August 2019 Chinese Original: English 19-13598 (C) 130819 150819 *1913598* 第七十四届会议 临时议程*