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In many regions, particularly in Africa, these ecosystems were fragile and vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, land degradation and forest fires. (...) The Permanent Representative of Morocco to UNEP presented a proposed draft decision for adoption by AMCEN of the Rabat Declaration on the Environmentally Sound Management of Unwanted Stocks of Hazardous Wastes. The declaration was adopted on the basis of the draft decision as contained in annex VII of the present report. (...) UNEP/AMCEN/EGM/9/7 14 Annex I DRAFT KAMPALA DECLARATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT We, the Ministers of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment Having met in Kampala during the ninth session of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment, on 4 and 5 July 2002, Noting the key recommendations of the first Africa Environment Outlook report on the deteriorating state of the environment within the continent, Concerned that Africa is the only region in the world where poverty is projected to rise during the twenty-first century and is, in addition, a region where the potential impacts of climate change are likely to be severe, owing to their limited capacity to adapt, particularly for least developed countries, Aware that the United Nations Millennium Declaration of 8 September 2000 including commitments made in Doha, Monterrey has set a target for reduction of poverty levels globally by 50 per cent by the year 2015, and that national socio-economic development policies should endeavour to address this situation, Concerned that the increasing number of emerging crisis and conflict situations in Africa, are imposing adverse environmental, social, cultural and economic effects, Realizing the level and constraints associated with the capacity to implement multilateral environmental agreements relevant to Africa, particularly funding for the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa, Aware of the progress that the Ministerial Conference has achieved since its inception in 1985 as the political body for environmental advocacy and leadership in the region, Noting with satisfaction the positive role played by regional, subregional and national bodies in promoting sustainable development in Africa, particularly during the consultative process in preparation for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Further noting the role played by international organizations, non-governmental organizations, business sector and development financial institutions in promoting sustainable development in Africa, Bearing in mind the fact that success in achieving global sustainable development will ultimately depend upon development and implementation of sound and cost-effective national response policies and measures; good environmental governance; effective participation by civil society; and collection and exchange of quality data and information on the environment for use by national decision makers, Noting with concern that there are limited financial resources to implement fully the programme of work of the Ministerial Conference for 2000-2004, Welcoming the framework action plan on the environmental component of New Partnership for Africa’s Development, Hereby decide: 1.

Based on combined data from the 2009–2010 and 2011–2012 periods, an estimated 2.5 per cent of women reported having experienced sexual assault, including attempted assaults. 13 Other incidents of sexual assault, which include indecent exposure, unwanted touching and sexual threats, accounted for 91 per cent of cases, while sexual assault which includes rape and assault by penetration accounted for 21 per cent of all sexual assaults. 14 21. (...) As regards sexual harassment, it was reported that 42 per cent of young women in London aged between 18 and 34 experienced unwanted sexual attention in 2013. 19 Girls aged between 16 and 18 are reportedly at the highest risk of sexual assault, 20 while women aged between 18 and 29 are at greatest risk of threatening and offensive advances on the Internet. 24. (...) A 2010 poll indicates that almost one in three 16–18-year-old girls surveyed had experienced unwanted __________________ 11 See www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_360216.pdf, p. 39. 12 See www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/yewtree-report-giving-victims- voice-jimmy-saville.pdf and www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_360216.pdf, p. 39. 13 See https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/an-overview-of-sexual-offending-in-england-and- wales. 14 Ibid. 15 See www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/dsva-strategy.pdf, p. 27. 16 See www.psni.police.uk/monthly_crime_bulletin_apr-mar_12_13.pdf, p. 2. 17 See www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0042/00427834.pdf, p. 7. 18 See www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/focus-on-violent-crime/stb-focus-on-- violent-crime-and-sexual-offences-2011-12.html, p. 74. 19 United Kingdom, YouGov, “Sexual Harassment in the Capital” (2010). 20 See www.cps.gov.uk/news/articles/domestic_violence_-_the_facts_the_issues_the_future/.

Sexual violence, paired with minimal access to sexual and reproductive rights, means that women and girls are frequently forced to carry unwanted pregnancies to term. 44. Particularly worrying is the high number of teenage pregnancies, which, according to information received by the Special Rapporteur, are often the result of sexual violence. (...) Those negative impacts are made worse in cases of unwanted pregnancies and forced motherhood as a result of sexual violence. 49. (...) A/HRC/44/48/Add.1 GE.20-06429 13 seems to be a lack of family planning, as two thirds of pregnancies are unwanted.24 The Special Rapporteur was informed that as a result of the budget cuts in the health sector, there had been no consolidated international purchases of modern contraception methods for 2019, which could lead to shortages in the short or medium term, with serious consequences such as an increase in unwanted pregnancies, abortions, obstetric complications and maternal death.

Access to comprehensive, non-discriminatory, unbiased and science-based sexuality information and education in Poland is one of the issues related to rights to sexual and reproductive health that raises concern for the Special Rapporteur, particularly with regard to adolescents facing unwanted pregnancies.9 Despite the fact that the 1993 Act on Family Planning requires the Ministry of Education to introduce sexuality education into the school curriculum, sexuality education falls into the category “Family life education” as provided for by the Regulation of the Minister of National Education and Sport of 26 February 2002 on the core curricula for pre-school education and general education.10 Family life courses focus narrowly on marriage and family and touch only to a very limited extent on issues of sexuality and procreation, merely promoting abstinence and traditional methods of family planning. (...) Due to a lack of awareness of the effectiveness of contraceptives or the need for them, women often remain in fear of unwanted pregnancies and resort to finding alternative routes to terminate pregnancies, thereby risking their health and lives. (...) In that context, methods compatible with women’s rights to plan their families must be available in order to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies and abortions. 38. The Special Rapporteur notes with regret that women in Poland face numerous obstacles in accessing abortion services, even when they are legally entitled to an abortion.

Many of these base pair changes may have no effect, while others may be involved in disease susceptibility and responses to drugs. (...) Combined with modern approaches to analysis of gene expression involving DNA micro-arrays, the effect of altered environmental conditions or a mutation on every gene in the bacterium can now be examined. 19. (...) In 2001, a research group described an unexpected lethal effect in mice following their immunisation with orthopoxvirus ectromelia (mousepox, ECTV) into which the murine interleukin-4 (IL4) gene had been inserted.

Stakeholders emphasized that health care is in effect not free for those who cannot afford to get to a health centre or a hospital. 40. (...) They said they were required to accept unwanted contraceptive injections or implants to which they had not freely consented. One woman described begging doctors to remove an unwanted and painful implant that prevented her from carrying out daily tasks and said the removal had cost her the equivalent of a month’s worth of household expenses. 57.

There exists a high prevalence of sexual exploitation and transactional sex, particularly amongst young women, within camps, significantly increasing the risk of violence, unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. (...) In the camps, rape and unwanted sex are often a survival strategy. Northern district reports show that sexual violence has not been systematically approached in any of the districts and that no specific government programmes have been put in place to address the prevention of and response to sexual and gender-based violence in IDP camps. (...) Domestic violence continues to be a problem and the Government has so far not adequately addressed the role of domestic violence and unwanted marital sex in exposing women to HIV infection.

As regards sexual violence, the most common manifestation involved unwanted sexual comments and unwanted/forced physical contact (40 per cent), unwanted sexual acts (26.6 per cent), and rape (10.6 per cent). (...) However, while it previously covered 100 per cent of the cost of each beneficiary, it currently only covers 60 per cent of the cost. This has negative effects on the NGOs because in addition to the cost of lodging victims, shelters offer other services such as free legal advice and counselling, inter alia.

In many countries, the contraceptive mix is skewed towards short-term methods, and a high reliance on E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/43 page 3 unreliable traditional methods results in high incidences of unwanted pregnancies. Moreover, despite many achievements in the area of gender equality and equity, the social and economic status of women and girls remains of concern. (...) Since the Cairo Conference and its five-year review, the United Nations Population Fund has increased its efforts to support governments and civil society around the world to put in place bold initiatives to delay marriage and pregnancy for girls; to ban harmful traditional practices; to end the tragedy of sexual abuse and violence; to prevent unwanted pregnancy and HIV infection and to close the gap on gender discrimination. (...) They simply do not have the power to negotiate, as sociocultural norms often relegates them to lower status and value, placing them at considerable disadvantages in terms of their choices and opportunities, decision-making power, as well as their access to resources and goods to protect themselves from unsafe and unwanted sexual relations. UNFPA has responded to the HIV/AIDS pandemic on various fronts.