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They contended that virtual child abuse material (or “visual depictions of non-existent persons”) did not harm real children and that no causal link had been established. (...) Even if there is no real harm, virtual child abuse material fosters social tolerance of the exploitative acts that are depicted, contributing to the sexual commodification of children. 24. (...) During the negotiations on the draft amendment to the law, discussions were held to include a request for scientific research on the impact of virtual child abuse material on potential victims and perpetrators.

The combination of the financial risk experienced by media which are critical of the authorities and often targeted by lawsuits, and the disadvantage they are at in terms of access to State advertising seems to be gradually restricting the plurality of opinion in the media landscape in favour of media aligned with the Government. (...) Journalists whose work was affected by the recent closure of traditional media have considered migrating to the virtual space. 10 Open Society Foundation, “Overcoming the principles of secrecy in the public administration’s operation” (Skopje, November 2013). 11 See http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx. 12 Open Society Foundations, “Mapping digital media: Macedonia” (London, 2012). 13 Ibid.

Regulation of the employment of children under 14 years in television programmes (and the ban on their use in advertising messages and spots) is to be covered by specific rules. (...) This will ensure transparency in the use of public funds and advertising revenues by the public service licensee. (...) Concerns access by users, the fundamental rights of the individual, impartiality in advertising, and access to programmes by disabled persons.

The bill also includes a section on advertising, including maximum hourly and daily advertising, and the need to clearly differentiate between advertising and editorial content. (...) The Special Rapporteur urges that this legal reform be conducted through extensive and participatory consultation with all stakeholders. 44. Government advertising: broadcast and print media rely upon government advertising, with very few companies outside of the telecommunications sector devoting advertising resources to support the media. (...) The Special Rapporteur urges the Government to consider adopting a set of rules that would regulate official advertising and eliminate the possibility of placing advertising on the basis of the point of view expressed by an outlet or its reporters. 47.

In particular, it was stated that about two thirds of the advertising resources are allocated to television broadcasting; the print media are therefore deprived of important financial resources. 40. (...) The attention of the Special Rapporteur was also drawn to the conflict of interest within the advertising sector. In Italy, it seems that more than 60 per cent of advertising resources are allocated to the television broadcasting sector. The President of the Council of Ministers, via his advertising company Publitalia 80, which is part of the Mediaset group, controls around two thirds of the television advertising resources.

A/HRC/20/17/Add.1 12 GE.12-13924 unfair allocation of official advertising by ANEP as a way to sanction criticism and encourage self-censorship of journalists; for instance, El Watan and El Khabar have been reportedly banned from receiving public advertising since 1996 and 1997, respectively, owing to their critical stance on Government policies. 47. (...) He was in favour of having a specific law on advertising, which would certainly improve the image of ANEP with the press in general. He stated that a number of laws on advertising had been drafted, to which ANEP had contributed, but to no avail.

On 2 July, the Chief of the ISU gave a virtual presentation on “Are we fully prepared for the next biological event?” (...) On 6 July, the Chief of the ISU gave a virtual presentation on “Responding to the Threat of Bio and Cyber Terrorism”, during the Virtual Counter-Terrorism Week organized by the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (Daniel Feakes) 14. (...) On 5 November, the Chief of the ISU participated in a virtual “BWC Engagement Workshop”, organized by the U.S.

While there are no legal regulations on the limitation of advertising for junk food targeting children, the 31 Information provided by the Government, dated 8 June 2016. A/HRC/34/48/Add.1 GE.16-22941 13 Special Rapporteur welcomes voluntary initiatives by food producers and the Polish media to self-censor advertising of junk food aimed at children aged less than 13. (...) While Polish law prohibits the advertising of milk formula, the same prohibitions and regulations for baby food do not exist.33 As such, the Special Rapporteur encourages Polish legislators to put in place regulations to carefully monitor the advertising of baby food and food for infants over 6 months of age. 51.

In 2018, the largest broadcaster reportedly received 67 per cent of State advertising in the television sector, while an independent broadcaster that has a similar sized audience, received only 1 per cent. In 2020, the imbalance is said to have grown further, with a reported 86 per cent of State advertising going to pro- government media outlets.27 39. The deliberate skewing of public revenue advertising in favour of outlets with a particular political view has adverse consequences, not only for the health of the media sector but also for the viability of the entire information ecosystem.

Official statistics point to the large gender gap in the world of sports, culture and academic life.16 In the media, traditionalist and sexist roles, sexist advertising and resistance to reporting women’s success in sports are still widespread. (...) The Working Group welcomes the ground-breaking law of 2004 on gender-based violence, which empowers public institutions that defend the interests of women to apply to the courts for the withdrawal of advertising material that depicts women in a degrading manner. It welcomes the establishment of an anti-sexist advertising observatory by the Andalusia Institute of Women and the Audiovisual Observatory.