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In addition, 2 billion persons suffer from malnutrition, due to micronutrient deficiencies in vitamins and minerals. According to the World Health Organization, deficiencies of iron, vitamin A, and zinc rank among the top ten leading causes of death through disease in developing countries. Iron deficiency affects an estimated 1.7 billion people worldwide, half of whom suffer from iron deficiency anaemia. Vitamin A deficiency affects 254 million preschool children in 118 countries, and still is a leading cause of child blindness across developing countries.

It is important to point out that quinoa is the only plant food that contains all the essential amino acids, vitamins and trace elements and is also gluten free. (...) This amino acid enhances immune function by aiding in the formation of antibodies, promotes gastric function, assists in cell repair, is involved in fatty acid metabolism, aids calcium transport and absorption and even seems to slow or prevent –together with vitamin C–cancer metastasis, to name just a few of its many therapeutic actions.

id=188. 47 Fifth Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2016/17, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. 48 EICV5_Thematic Report_Gender, http://statistics.gov.rw/publication/eicv5thematic-reportgender. 49 Ibid. 50 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (2018). 51 The local Kinyarwanda name, Ongera Intungamubiri, which means “increase nutrients” is a powdered blend of 15 essential vitamins and minerals that can be added to semi-solid or mashed food just before the child eats. Packaged in single serving sachets, it allows families to fortify food for their young child with the safe and appropriate level of vitamins and minerals important for their growth and development.

In addition, the social milk programme Liconsa provides milk fortified with iron, zinc, folic acid and vitamins at below market prices for children aged from 6 months to 12 years, adolescent girls from 13 to 15 years, pregnant or nursing women, women aged between 45 and 59 years, chronically ill and disabled persons older than 12 years, and adults over 60 years of age.

With regard to micronutrient deficiency, in 2009/2010 the National Food and Nutrition Institute carried out a survey assessing the dietary intake of nearly 400 children aged between 11 and 13, which indicated an extremely high risk of deficiency for vitamin D, folate and vitamin E. Over 90 per cent of the children surveyed manifested the risk of calcium and potassium deficiency. (...) One initiative, introduced in the 2004/2005 school year, is the “Milk at school” programme, which encourages consumption of healthy dairy products containing important vitamins and minerals. Children who regularly attend nursery schools, kindergartens, primary schools and secondary schools receive 0.25l of milk or an equivalent milk product per school day.

GE.12-18955 (C) 100113 110113 人权理事会 第二十二届会议 议程项目 3 增进和保护所有人权―― 公民权利、政治权利、

In all detention centres visited, nutrition was insufficient, both in terms of quantity and quality, which means that inmates were not getting enough protein or vitamins, or even enough drinking water. Inmates often relied on their families to supplement the poor diet. 49.

GE. 09-15109 (C) 090909 150909 联合国 A 大 会 Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/12/34/Add.2 26 August 2009 CHINESE Original: ENGLISH 人权理事会

The failure to E/CN.4/2005/51/Add.4 page 15 use adequate infection control within medical facilities coupled with the practice of giving blood transfusions to malnourished children and frequent injections of medications and vitamins drove the nosocomial transmission of HIV. 49.

A strategy on “Prevention of micronutrient deficiency of children under 5” is being drafted by the Ministry which will focus on the distribution of vitamins A and D and iron to children. The Government has also developed the project “Goals for Children in Mongolia”, which sets out goals to reduce rates of under-5 mortality and undernutrition, expand the coverage of vitamin D supplementation, increase rates of breastfeeding and ensure universal iodization of salt.