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They also provide empirical evidence that structural adjustments based on the neoliberal and orthodox ideology, such as fiscal consolidation, privatization, deregulation of markets and labour flexibilization, are not necessarily the only or optimal policy option for economic growth and sustainable development. (...) Informal economy 24. Informal markets are deeply embedded in the political, economic and social structure. (...) A/HRC/43/45/Add.1 10 GE.20-00002 employment, the figure is staggering: the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 83.1 per cent of total employment is informal employment, which encompasses employers and own-account workers operating an informal enterprise, employees holding informal jobs and contributing family workers.61 25. The informality of markets, encompassing both economic and labour markets, has significant implications on the protection of human rights.

A rights-based approach to agricultural support schemes .............................. 27–29 10 C. Making markets more hospitable to small-scale farmers ............................... 30–35 11 V. (...) The newly established black farmers are small-scale farmers, with poor access to markets, a lack of marketing skills, and a weaker bargaining position in the food chains. (...) These various tools could be seen as part of a broader process of rebuilding the local food markets, which are generally more accessible to small-scale farmers than the larger export markets and improve access to fresh and nutritious food for urban consumers.

Figure I Rôle de l’État dans la promotion de l’investissement à impact Source : CESAP, sur la base du cadre élaboré en partenariat avec le Groupe directeur mondial pour l’investissement à impact. 3 Monitor Institute, Investing for Social & Environmental Impact: A Design for Catalyzing an Emerging Industry (New York, 2009). 4 Abhilash Mudaliar et Hannah Dithrich, Sizing the Impact Investing Market (New York, Global Impact Investing Network, 2019). 5 Feuille de route régionale pour la mise en œuvre du Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 en Asie et dans le Pacifique (E/ESCAP/73/31, annexe II, para. 16 (a)). (...) Figure III Flux d’investissement étranger direct de création dans l’économie numérique en Asie et dans le Pacifique (2011-2022) Source : calculs effectués par la CESAP à partir de données de fDi Markets. Disponibles à l’adresse suivante : www.fdimarkets.com (page consultée le 28 novembre 2022). (...) Par exemple, la société Worldwide DC Solution, basée à Singapour, a récemment obtenu une licence qui lui permettra d’investir 70 millions de dollars dans le développement de son centre de données 1Hub dans le parc industriel Saigon Hi-tech Park, au Viet Nam. 46.

To support a global effort of reducing deforestation and by doing so reducing GHG emissions, the international market related drivers for deforestation must be address; alternatives to improve the quality of demand of wood should be analyzed. Develop countries should consider incentives for Certificate wood products, sending a clear signal to the markets to reduce deforestation and promote sustainable management. 5. (...) Monitoring: The project design includes a comprehensive plan to monitor biomass increments, socioeconomic impacts, development of timber markets and deforestation dynamics. Certification: The certification process involved assessing the project’s design document and methodologies.

The projects are supposed to build on an integrated agroforestry systems approach around the two main gum arabic-producing acacia trees, namely Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal, which already have an established high market share in the gum market. The projects require marketing to international financiers, such as the GEF or the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) based in Saudi Arabia, for funding. (...) The Regional Project comprises coordination and reporting arrangements, regional training and information centre activities, and research and market analysis activities. The national projects: The ten national projects will be tailor-made for each country, which means that the content of the projects varies somewhat. (...) Of the 520 projects for desertification control currently in progress worldwide which are supported by German state and non-state implementing organizations, 237 are being implemented in Africa.

Within the context of national circumstance, the REDD Mechanism should be made available to developing countries to reduce emissions from deforestation via a system of positive incentives that may be either non-market and/or market-based. Accordingly, non-market instruments would likely carry more conservative carbon accounting systems, lower performance standards, and consequently result in lower economic values per ton of emissions reductions. Conversely, market options could operate with more robust carbon accounting systems, higher performance requirements, and result in higher economic values per ton of emissions reductions. (...) Further, the Enabling Fund should develop three voluntary tracks for a system of positive incentives, supported by various pilot activities, which could be formalized by the Parties to operate beyond 2012: i) REDD non-market (or fund-based) instruments, ii) REDD market-based instruments, and iii) REDD stabilization instruments

The aims set forth in these terms of reference, drawn up in the context of the National Worker Training Plan, are to reach out to the main regions where workers are usually recruited for slave labour, and also to prevent a released worker, for want of the skills needed to take up a place in the labour market, from again falling victim to the exploiters of slave labour. (...) Concerned about the persistence of slavery worldwide, the Government of Brazil has contributed in the last three years to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, the resources of which are used for concrete action by humanitarian groups and entities on all continents to break the cycle of slavery, whose principal victims are women, children and young persons.

Currently, there are over 7.1 million confirmed cases and over 408,000 deaths worldwide (as at 11 June 2020). We need to prepare for an increase in the impact of the pandemic in some of the world’s poorest countries, especially those affected by humanitarian crises. (...) People likely to face the most severe impacts are those who were already acutely poor and food insecure prior to COVID-19 and who rely on humanitarian assistance, remittances and seasonal migration or daily informal labour markets. 11. We underscore that coherent and complementary needs analysis and planning between humanitarian and development actors are more important than ever.

Transition from a centrally planned to a social market economy: challenges from the perspective of the right to food ................................. ............................... 51–60 15 A. (...) Price increases on global food commodities markets have had an impact on Syrian consumers. The general consumer price index of the Central Bureau of Statistics indicates a significant increase in 2008: an index of 148.38 for foods, compared with 122.93 in 2007 and 100 in 2005.7 16. (...) The voucher system also limits the risk of resale of food items on the black market, and eliminates the need to pick up bulky food aid packages. 41.

The indirect effects also are noteworthy: pensioners, and particularly rural pensioners, have their income linked to the national minimum wage, the level of which also influences wages in the informal sector;18 in addition, by consistently expanding the domestic consumer market, Brazil has developed greater resilience to externals shocks, such as the financial crisis of 2008. 2. (...) Titling will be free for properties up to 100 ha; below market price for properties up to 400 ha; and at market price for properties up to 1,500 ha. (...) In practice, a module can vary from 5 ha in fertile, market-connected areas, to 110 ha in remote Amazonian areas.