REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION ON THE WORK OF ITS 46TH SESSION (1994) : TOPICAL SUMMARY OF TNE DISCUSSION HELD IN THE 6TH COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY DURING ITS 49TH SESSION / PREPARED BY THE SECRETARIAT
Along the same lines, the remark was
made that the concept of State crime rested on solid legal and political
foundations: while crimes and delicts both involved wrongful acts committed by
a State, the nature and seriousness of those acts might and indeed often did
vary, so that a hierarchy of such wrongful acts should be established. (...) He stressed
that certain questions had to be answered in international legal instruments
(such as whether the concept of State crimes should be recognized in
international law, who would have jurisdiction if that concept was recognized
and whether responsibility for State crimes differed from that entailed by
ordinary internationally wrongful acts) and that, given the limited number of
principles of international law that were currently universally recognized and
the present structure of international relations, it would be difficult to
introduce the concept of criminal acts into the topic of State responsibility
and to codify a series of laws for that purpose. (...) Another suggestion was to use
the terminology employed in the 1949 Geneva Conventions on the protection of
victims of war, which referred to "grave breaches" of the Conventions: a
distinction would thus be made between "breaches" and "grave breaches", using as
a criterion the degree of gravity of the wrongful act. It was also noted that
mention had been made in the Commission of the concept of violation of an
obligation erga omnes.
29.
Language:English
Score: 899777.6
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SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 18TH MEETING : 6TH COMMITTEE, HELD AT HEADQUARTERS, NEW YORK, ON FRIDAY, 27 OCTOBER 2000, GENERAL ASSEMBLY, 55TH SESSION
Draft article 54
introduced the new concept of collective
countermeasures, which followed to a certain extent in
the footsteps of the concept of collective self-defence.
(...) His delegation agreed in principle with the
concept of full reparation set out in article 31. (...) Increasing globalization was leading to greater
interdependence and interaction between States.
However, the concept of international community was
too broad; it was not a legal concept.
Language:English
Score: 899571.7
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daccess-ods.un.org/acce...?open&DS=A/C.6/55/SR.18&Lang=E
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SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 2280TH MEETING, HELD ON THURSDAY, 2 JULY 1992 : INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, 44TH SESSION, EXTRACT FROM THE YEARBOOK OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, 1992, VOL 1
He was
thinking in particular of the concept of "preventive self-
defence" which had been invoked to try to justify more
or less perniciously the use of force and which was no
more than a perversion of the concept of self-defence. (...) It stated that
" . . . the concept of 'indirectly' injured States was the
fruit of a misunderstanding which derived from an in-
adequate absorption of the definition of an internation-
ally wrongful act, as laid down in article 3 of part 1 of
the draft." (...) Lastly, draft article 5 bis was justified for the fol-
lowing reasons: the concept of the "injured State" did
not, ipso facto, imply equal treatment for the injured
States; the use in the determination of the injured State
or States of a definition stricto sensu of the internation-
ally wrongful act; and the establishment, on the basis of
that strict definition alone, of the rights or facultes of
each State.
Language:English
Score: 899409.8
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https://daccess-ods.un.org/acc...?open&DS=A/CN.4/SR.2280&Lang=E
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Document Function Specific
Standards and Technologies for Paperless Trade
UNeDocsUK
The Aligned Family of Documents
Commercial Documents – Quotation, Order, Invoice
Materials Management Documents – Despatch Advice, Packing List, Delivery Order
Transport Documents – Shipping Instructions, Shipping Note,
Waybill, Bill of Lading, Consignment Note
Customs Documents – Export, Import, Transit Declarations,
Cargo Reports
Other Regulatory Documents – Certificate of Origin,
SPS Cetificates, DGN
Standards and Technologies for Paperless Trade
UNeDocsUK
Journey speeds up with Electronic Data Interchange
Interbridge – Electronic Data Interchange Translator
Spex – Document production system
ADEEP –Aligned Document Electronic Equivalent Project
Standards and Technologies for Paperless Trade
UNeDocsUK
Journey continues rolling along
BUT we took a wrong turn
ElecTra – Electronic Documents Interchange
WebElecTra – Internet enabled
Electronic Trade Documents
Standards and Technologies for Paperless Trade
UNeDocsUK
Learned some valuable map reading skills
Standard documents, UN TDED and EDI worked
Bringing them together was complex
Multipliers and Licensee network very important
New Partnerships and Licensing system required
Standards for XML were required
Learn from the past and build on it
International links were vital
Semantic and data exchange interoperability
Standards and Technologies for Paperless Trade
UNeDocsUK
Back on the right road
Memorandum of Understanding with UNECE developing UNeDocs
Syntax independent, technology neutral and standards based library of trade information
Produce standard, interoperable outputs
Transfer of UNeDocs to UNCEFACT Forum –TBG2
UNeDocsUK first national extension of the next generation of international standards for paper and electronic trade documentation and transaction data exchange
UNeDocsUK major component of TBG2 Work programme
Standards and Technologies for Paperless Trade
UNeDocsUK
The Standard of Standards
Unified Modelling Methodology (UMM) – reuses the International Supply Chain Reference Model
Core Component Technical Specification – ISO 15000-5 and 11179, UN Trade Data Elements Directory (UN TDED – ISO 7372)
UN CEFACT Core Component Library (CCL)
UN/EDIFACT message implementation guidelines for UN Standard Messages (UNSM)
XML – ATG Naming & Design Rules document schemas
UN Layout Key for International Trade Documents including Box Completion Guidelines (BCG)
Standards and Technologies for Paperless Trade
UNeDocsUK
Deliverables
UNeDocsUK Data Model
Documents aligned to the UN Layout Key (UNLK)
Box Completion Guidelines (BCG)
EDI Message Implementation Guidelines (MIGs)
XML Implementation Guidelines
XML Schemas and Stylesheets
Standards and Technologies for Paperless Trade
UNeDocsUK
Journey’s End?
(...) >
token
2003-02-14
2003-02-14
Bills Microdevices
Joes Office Supply
1
5
Pencils, box #2 red
Paper Document (UNLK)
Electronic Document Exchange
XML or UN/EDIFACT
Electronic Edit Form
Standards and Technologies for Paperless Trade
UNeDocsUK
Single Window application
Reuse concept is based on the UN/CEFACT Core Component Library
Foundation for new document types
Provides legacy support and a migration path.
Language:English
Score: 899370.8
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https://unece.org/fileadmin/DA...ns/gordon-cragge_UNeDocsUK.pps
Data Source: un
SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 2340TH MEETING, HELD ON THURSDAY, 19 MAY 1994 : INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, 46TH SESSION, EXTRACT FROM THE YEARBOOK OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, 1994, VOL 1
It seemed to him that there was a related question
to be considered, namely, why was it considered neces-
sary to use the term "crime", or any other descriptive
term, in order to do what was sought to be done in arti-
cle 19: to introduce into the articles on State responsibil-
ity the concept of jus cogens obligations; and then to dis-
tinguish a breach of a jus cogens obligation from other
lesser international wrongful acts? (...) All that would seem to be
required was: (a) to follow closely, and limit oneself to,
the language of the jus cogens provision in article 53 of
the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, without
using any additional accompanying descriptive term—
and without introducing any illustrative list of examples
for which there might not be adequate lex lata support;
and (b) to indicate what remedies a breach of a jus
cogens type of obligation would entail, in addition to
those required for other wrongful acts.
22. The second principle question that seemed to arise,
from the introduction of the concept of crime in arti-
cle 19, was the question to which chapter II, section B,
of the sixth report of the Special Rapporteur referred.
(...) Bennouna (ibid.) had expressed opposi-
tion to the use of the word, arguing that it was wrong to
talk of "crimes" of the State, because that would be tan-
tamount to a criminal law concept of responsibility,
something that was out of place in international law.
Language:English
Score: 899029.5
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https://daccess-ods.un.org/acc...?open&DS=A/CN.4/SR.2340&Lang=E
Data Source: ods
He says, “One of the greatest contributors towards the high prevalence of SGBV is cultural beliefs, such as having sex with a child will cure you of HIV, and a general lack of knowledge within the community that what they are doing is wrong.”
“My focus here as a community leader is to take these cases into the community and have the whole prosecution take place there. This is the best way to sensitise people in the community that what they are doing is wrong. Things will change with a good approach, but change needs to come from within the community.” - Dr Morris
UNICEF Malawi/2019/Schermbrucker
Partners of the SRH/SGBV/HIV (Sexual and Reproductive Health/ Sexual Gender-based violence) project meet at the Mulanje hospital to ensure perpetrators of gender-based violence are convicted, and victims are helped
In order to address the high number of SGBV cases in Malawi, Baylor, with support from UNICEF implemented the Sexual and Reproductive Health/ Sexual Gender-based violence project. The project has seen key role players from government departments and civil society’s institutions coming together to learn to understand the concept of integrated Sexual Gender-Based Violence and how it is interconnected to HIV.
Language:English
Score: 898766.4
-
https://www.unicef.org/malawi/...-taking-steps-towards-tomorrow
Data Source: un
SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 1668TH MEETING, HELD ON TUESDAY, 9 JUNE 1981 : INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, 33RD SESSION, EXTRACT FROM THE YEARBOOK OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, 1981, VOL 1
With regard to the three parameters for the
possible new legal relationship arising from an inter-
nationally wrongful act of a State, (see A/CN.4/344,
para. 7), he said that the third parameter, which
concerned the position of third States, could relate to
two possible situations: first, a wrongful act directed
against a State and constituting a breach of an
obligation in respect of that Slate, while at the same
time unintentionally causing injury to a third State;
and second, a wrongful act affecting a State directly
and, at the same time, giving other States rights under
international law, thus making them third States. (...) He agreed with the Special Rapporteur's prop-
osition concerning the concept of proportionality. To
be complete and comprehensive, the draft articles
should take account not only of the obligation on the
part of the author State to cease its wrongful act but
also of the consequences arising out of that wrongful
act. (...) The
obligation that had been breached suffered the effects
of the internationally wrongful act contrary to the rule,
and it was precisely because the obligation was af-
fected in that way that the internationally wrongful act,
the source of international responsibility, was created.
34.
Language:English
Score: 898721.2
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DRAFT REPORT : INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 20 APRIL-12 JUNE 1998, NEW YORK, 27 JULY-14 AUGUST 1998
Secondly, the use of the past tense implied that the wrongful act had been completed,
but the draft articles clearly also applied to wrongful acts of a continuing character. (...) The word “damage” was used in the draft
articles to refer to actual harm suffered, and a distinction was drawn between economically
assessable damage and moral damage. That general concept of damage, covering both
economically assessable and moral damage, ought to be distinguished from the term “injury”,
A/CN.4/L.561/Add.4
4
meaning injuria or legal wrong as such. (...) Thirdly, an overemphasis on the concept
of damage would prejudice the useful concept of moral damage, particularly in the field of
human rights.
22.
Language:English
Score: 898657.8
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Concluding remarks
(cc) Ryszard Struzak 3
Flexible use concept
• Matheson RJ: Flexible Spectrum Use Rights •Tutorial at International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies (ISART) 2005
• Spectrum traded, aggregated, divided and freely used for a wide range of user- selected services, under 2 rules only:
1. (...) Signal projection on (x1, x2)
(cc) Ryszard Struzak 20
• To be rejected, an unintended signal must be sufficiently distant from the receiver’s reaction window in at least one variable – It must appear at wrong times, at wrong frequencies,
wrongly coded etc. • The “sufficient” distance is system dependent
and might be defined in • geographical domain (e.g. frequ. re-use distances), • frequency domain (e.g. frequency plans), • power domain (as in ultra-wideband systems sharing
frequencies with narrow-band systems), • time domain (e.g. (...) Concluding remarks
(cc) Ryszard Struzak 32
Concluding remarks
• Flexible spectrum use doctrine is an interesting concept deserving further exploration
• It is applicable to a wide range of active services but is not applicable to passive services.
• It disregards some physical constraints due to unintended interactions and radio propagation
• It requires „intelligent communication robots” -- self-organizing systems able to learn and adapt automatically/ dynamically to the environment
(cc) Ryszard Struzak 33
• With „Classic” radio technology, flexible- use spectrum rights can be exercised only when the system in hand is isolated, or when it does not require any protection against interference and it does not disturb other systems.
• New technologies of „intelligent communication robots” make practical the concept of flexible spectrum use rights
(cc) Ryszard Struzak 34
• Physical constraints do not depend on spectrum management regime (static or dynamic) and spectrum use rights
» They are the same when the spectrum resources are treated a private property or as an open commons, administratively regulated, or self-regulated through market forces
• Unintended interactions with other systems determine system performances to the same degree as intended ones
» Interacting systems behave as a network » Operation of systems in the network must be
harmonized/ coordinated
(cc) Ryszard Struzak 35
Selected references • Definition of spectrum use and efficiency of a radio system; REC.
Language:English
Score: 898625.8
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https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/fina...anagement/Kyiv/Struzak1-EN.PDF
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SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 2574TH MEETING, HELD ON WEDNESDAY, 19 MAY 1999 : INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, EXTRACT FROM THE YEARBOOK OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, 1999, VOL 1
He would there-
fore base his analysis on a somewhat simplistic, but radi-
cal conception: that a wrongful act was completed if and
as long as one and the same subject of responsibility pre-
sented all the elements constituting its definition or if and
as long as the elements prescribed in the rule were not
present.
27. (...) The point was to determine
in time when wrongfulness began. The Special Rappor-
teur proposed, for example, that article 24 should be enti-
tled “Completed and continuing wrongful acts”, but he
did not define those concepts with the necessary precision
and it was difficult to see the linkage between the title of
each article and its wording.
38. (...) He fully subscribed to the
idea that all possible permutations must be considered
within article 18; and he thought that, for the moment, the
Commission must retain the concept of a continuing
wrongful act in chapter III.
Language:English
Score: 898057.5
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